Derechos LGBTQ por país o territorio
Leyes mundiales sobre relaciones sexuales, uniones y expresión entre personas del mismo sexo
| Las relaciones sexuales entre personas del mismo sexo son ilegales. Sanciones: | |
Prisión; no se ejecuta la pena de muerte | |
Muerte bajo las milicias | Prisión, con arrestos o detenciones |
Prisión, no aplicada 1 | |
| Las relaciones homosexuales son legales. Reconocimiento de las uniones: | |
Matrimonio extraterritorial 2 | |
Extranjero limitado | Certificación opcional |
Ninguno | Restricciones de expresión, no aplicadas |
Restricciones de asociación con arrestos o detenciones | |
1 No haber estado en prisión en los últimos tres años ni haber estado en moratoria legal.
2 No se puede contraer matrimonio localmente. Algunas jurisdicciones pueden realizar otros tipos de uniones.
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| | Ni | Estados que no apoyaron ninguna de las declaraciones |
| | Estados no miembros | Estados que no son miembros con derecho a voto de las Naciones Unidas |
| | Oponerse a | Estados que apoyaron una declaración de oposición en 2008 y continuaron su oposición en 2011 |
| | Miembro subsiguiente | Sudán del Sur no existía en 2008 |
| | Apoyo | Estados que apoyaron la declaración de los derechos LGBT en la Asamblea General o en el Consejo de Derechos Humanos en 2008 o 2011 |
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Los derechos que afectan a las personas lesbianas , gais , bisexuales , transgénero y queer ( LGBTQ ) varían enormemente según el país o la jurisdicción, y abarcan desde el reconocimiento legal del matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo hasta la pena de muerte para la homosexualidad .
Cambio de identidad legal, no requiere cirugía
Cambio de identidad legal, cirugía requerida
Sin cambio de identidad legal
Desconocido/Ambiguo
Cabe destacar que, a partir de mayo de 2024 [update], 37 países reconocen el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo . [1] [2] Por el contrario, sin contar a los actores no estatales y las ejecuciones extrajudiciales, se cree que solo dos países imponen la pena de muerte por actos sexuales consentidos entre personas del mismo sexo: Irán y Afganistán . [3] [4] [5] [6] La pena de muerte es oficialmente ley , pero generalmente no se practica , en Mauritania , Arabia Saudita , Somalia (en el estado autónomo de Jubaland ) y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos . [7] [8] Las personas LGBT también enfrentan ejecuciones extrajudiciales en la región rusa de Chechenia . [9] Sudán anuló su pena de muerte no aplicada para el sexo anal (hetero u homosexual) en 2020. Quince países tienen la lapidación en sus códigos como pena por adulterio , que (a la luz de la ilegalidad del matrimonio homosexual en esos países) incluiría por defecto el sexo homosexual, pero las autoridades legales la aplican en Irán y Nigeria (en el tercio norte del país). [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]
En 2011, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas aprobó su primera resolución reconociendo los derechos LGBT, tras lo cual la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos emitió un informe que documentaba las violaciones de los derechos de las personas LGBT, incluidos los crímenes de odio , la criminalización de la actividad homosexual y la discriminación . Tras la emisión del informe, las Naciones Unidas instaron a todos los países que aún no lo habían hecho a promulgar leyes que protegieran los derechos LGBT básicos. [15] [16] Un estudio de 2022 encontró que los derechos LGBT (medidos por el Índice Arcoíris de ILGA-Europa ) estaban correlacionados con una menor incidencia del VIH/SIDA entre los hombres homosexuales y bisexuales independientemente del comportamiento sexual de riesgo. [17]
El Índice de Igualdad Equaldex 2023 clasifica a los países nórdicos , Chile , Uruguay , Canadá , los países del Benelux , España , Andorra y Malta entre los mejores en materia de derechos LGBT. El índice clasifica a Nigeria , Yemen , Brunei , Afganistán , Somalia , Mauritania , Palestina e Irán entre los peores. [18] [ se necesita una mejor fuente ] Asher & Lyric clasificó a Canadá, Suecia y los Países Bajos como las tres naciones más seguras para las personas LGBT en su índice de 2023. [19]
Alcance de las leyes
Las leyes que afectan a las personas LGBT incluyen, entre otras, las siguientes:
- Leyes relativas al reconocimiento de las relaciones entre personas del mismo sexo , incluidos el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo , las uniones civiles y las sociedades de convivencia
- Leyes relativas a la crianza de hijos del mismo sexo , incluida la adopción por parte de personas del mismo sexo
- Leyes contra la discriminación en el empleo, la vivienda, la educación y los lugares públicos.
- Legislación antibullying para proteger a los niños LGBT en la escuela
- Leyes sobre delitos de odio que imponen sanciones penales más severas para la violencia motivada por prejuicios contra las personas LGBT
- Proyectos de ley sobre baños que afectan el acceso de las personas transgénero a instalaciones segregadas por sexo
- Leyes relacionadas con la orientación sexual y el servicio militar
- Leyes relativas al acceso a la tecnología de reproducción asistida
- Leyes sobre sodomía que penalizan las relaciones sexuales consentidas entre personas del mismo sexo. Estas leyes pueden o no afectar a los homosexuales, hombres u hombres y mujeres, o dejar legales algunos actos homosexuales.
- Leyes de adulterio a las que están sujetas las parejas del mismo sexo
- Leyes sobre la edad de consentimiento que pueden imponer edades más altas para la actividad sexual entre personas del mismo sexo.
- Leyes sobre la donación de sangre, córneas y otros tejidos por parte de hombres que tienen sexo con hombres
- Leyes relativas al acceso a la cirugía de afirmación de género y a la terapia de reemplazo hormonal de afirmación de género
- reconocimiento jurídico y acomodación del género afirmado .
Historia de las leyes relacionadas con los LGBT
India antigua
El ayoni o sexo no vaginal de todo tipo es punible en el Arthashastra . Sin embargo, los actos homosexuales se tratan como un delito menor punible con una multa, mientras que el sexo heterosexual ilegal conlleva un castigo mucho más severo. Los Dharmsastras , especialmente los posteriores, prescriben contra el sexo no vaginal como el Vashistha Dharmasutra . El Yājñavalkya Smṛti prescribe multas para tales actos, incluso aquellos con otros hombres. El Manusmriti prescribe castigos leves para tales actos. [20] [21] Vanita afirma que los versos sobre el castigo por el sexo entre una mujer y una doncella se deben a su fuerte énfasis en la pureza sexual de una doncella. [22]
El antiguo Israel
La antigua Ley de Moisés (la Torá ) prohíbe a las personas acostarse con personas del mismo sexo (es decir, tener relaciones sexuales ) en Levítico 18 y da una historia de intento de violación homosexual en Génesis 19 , en la historia de Sodoma y Gomorra , después de lo cual las ciudades fueron pronto destruidas con "azufre y fuego, de parte del Señor" [23] [24] y se prescribió la pena de muerte a sus habitantes, ya la esposa de Lot , que se convirtió en una columna de sal porque se dio la vuelta para ver la destrucción de las ciudades. [25] [26] En Deuteronomio 22:5, el travestismo es condenado como "abominable". [27] [28]
Asiria
En la sociedad asiria , los delitos sexuales se castigaban de forma idéntica, fueran homosexuales o heterosexuales. [29] Un individuo no enfrentaba ningún castigo por penetrar a alguien de su misma clase social , una prostituta de culto o con alguien cuyos roles de género no se consideraban sólidamente masculinos. [29] Tales relaciones sexuales incluso se consideraban de buena suerte , con una tablilla acadia , la Šumma ālu , que decía: "Si un hombre copula con su igual por detrás, se convierte en el líder entre sus pares y hermanos". [30] [31] Sin embargo, las relaciones homosexuales con compañeros soldados, esclavos, asistentes reales o aquellas en las que un superior social era sumiso o penetrado , se trataban como malos augurios . [32] [33]
Los códigos legales asirios medios que datan del año 1075 a. C. tienen una ley particularmente dura para la homosexualidad en el ejército , que dice: "Si un hombre tiene relaciones sexuales con su hermano de armas, lo convertirán en eunuco ". [34] [35] Un código legal similar dice: "Si un señor se acuesta con su vecino, cuando lo hayan procesado (y) condenado, se acostarán con él (y) lo convertirán en eunuco". Este código legal condena una situación que implique violación homosexual . Cualquier hombre asirio podía visitar a una prostituta o acostarse con otro hombre, siempre que no se tratara de rumores falsos o sexo forzado con otro hombre. [36]
Roma antigua
En la antigua Roma, los cuerpos de los jóvenes ciudadanos estaban estrictamente fuera de los límites, y la Lex Scantinia imponía sanciones a aquellos que cometían un delito sexual ( stuprum ) contra un menor varón nacido libre . [37] Las parejas del mismo sexo aceptables eran los varones excluidos de las protecciones legales como ciudadanos: esclavos , prostitutos masculinos y los infames , artistas u otros que podrían ser técnicamente libres pero cuyos estilos de vida los colocaban fuera de la ley.
Un ciudadano varón que voluntariamente practicaba sexo oral o recibía sexo anal era menospreciado, pero sólo hay evidencia limitada de sanciones legales contra estos hombres. [38] En la retórica judicial y política, las acusaciones de afeminamiento y comportamientos sexuales pasivos se dirigían particularmente a políticos "democráticos" ( populares ) como Julio César y Marco Antonio . [39]
El derecho romano abordaba la violación de un ciudadano varón ya en el siglo II a. C., cuando se dictaminó que incluso un hombre "de mala reputación y cuestionable" tenía el mismo derecho que otros ciudadanos a no tener su cuerpo sometido a sexo forzado. [40] Una ley que probablemente data de la dictadura de Julio César definía la violación como sexo forzado contra "un niño, una mujer o cualquier persona"; el violador estaba sujeto a ejecución, una pena poco común en el derecho romano. [41] Un hombre clasificado como infamis , como una prostituta o un actor, no podía ser violado por ley, ni tampoco un esclavo, que legalmente estaba clasificado como propiedad; el dueño del esclavo, sin embargo, podía procesar al violador por daños a la propiedad. [42]
En el ejército romano de la República, el sexo entre compañeros soldados violaba el decoro contra las relaciones sexuales con los ciudadanos y estaba sujeto a duras penas, incluida la muerte, [43] como una violación de la disciplina militar . [44] El historiador griego Polibio (siglo II a. C.) enumera a los desertores , ladrones, perjuros y "... a los jóvenes que han abusado de sus personas" como sujetos al fustuarium , apaleados hasta la muerte. [45] Las fuentes antiguas se ocupan más de los efectos del acoso sexual por parte de los oficiales, pero el joven soldado que presentaba una acusación contra su superior necesitaba demostrar que no había asumido voluntariamente el papel pasivo ni se había prostituido. [46] Los soldados eran libres de tener relaciones con sus esclavos varones ; [47] el uso del cuerpo de un conciudadano-soldado estaba prohibido, no las conductas homosexuales per se. [48] A finales de la República y durante todo el período imperial , hay cada vez más pruebas de que los hombres cuyo estilo de vida los marcaba como "homosexuales" en el sentido moderno servían abiertamente. [49]
Aunque la ley romana no reconocía el matrimonio entre hombres y, en general, los romanos consideraban el matrimonio como una unión heterosexual con el propósito principal de producir hijos, en el período imperial temprano algunas parejas masculinas celebraban ritos matrimoniales tradicionales . Juvenal comenta con desaprobación que sus amigos asistían a menudo a tales ceremonias. [50] El emperador Nerón tuvo dos matrimonios con hombres, una vez como novia (con un liberto llamado Pitágoras ) y otra como novio. Su consorte Esporo apareció en público como la esposa de Nerón vistiendo la vestimenta habitual de la emperatriz romana. [51]
Aparte de las medidas para proteger las prerrogativas de los ciudadanos, la persecución de la homosexualidad como delito general comenzó en el siglo III de la era cristiana, cuando Filipo el Árabe prohibió la prostitución masculina . A finales del siglo IV, después de que el Imperio romano quedara bajo el dominio cristiano , la homosexualidad pasiva se castigaba con la hoguera . [52] "Muerte a espada" era el castigo para un "hombre que se acoplara como una mujer" según el Código de Teodosio . [53] Bajo Justiniano , todos los actos homosexuales, pasivos o activos, sin importar quiénes fueran los socios, fueron declarados contrarios a la naturaleza y castigados con la muerte. [54]
Imperio Británico
El Reino Unido introdujo leyes contra la homosexualidad en todas sus colonias, en particular en el siglo XIX, cuando el Imperio Británico estaba en su apogeo. [55] En 2018, más de la mitad de los 71 países que penalizaban la homosexualidad eran antiguas colonias o protectorados británicos. [56]
Países Bajos
En 2001, los Países Bajos fueron el primer país del mundo en legalizar el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo . [57]
Mapas globales de los derechos LGBT
Tenga en cuenta que, para simplificar, la tabla que figura a continuación no distingue entre "legal" y "lícito". Una acción solo puede ser legal o ilegal cuando se ha aprobado una ley específica.
| Leyes sobre la sexualidad entre personas del mismo sexo por país o territorio | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Leyes mundiales sobre relaciones sexuales, uniones y expresión entre personas del mismo sexo
1 No haber estado en prisión en los últimos tres años ni haber estado en moratoria legal. 2 No se puede contraer matrimonio localmente. Algunas jurisdicciones pueden realizar otros tipos de uniones. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Los derechos LGBT en las Naciones Unidas |
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Países de apoyo que han firmado una declaración de la Asamblea General sobre los derechos LGBT o han patrocinado la resolución de 2011 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos sobre los derechos LGBT ( 96 miembros ) Oponerse a los países que firmaron una declaración en 2008 oponiéndose a los derechos LGBT (inicialmente 57 miembros, ahora 54 miembros tras la retirada de Fiji, Ruanda y Sierra Leona ) Ninguno de los países que, en el ámbito de la ONU, ha manifestado oficialmente ni su apoyo ni su oposición a los derechos LGBT ( 44 miembros ) |
| Leyes sobre “propaganda” y “moralidad” homosexuales por país o territorio |
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| Despenalización de las relaciones sexuales entre personas del mismo sexo por país o territorio |
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| Igualación de la edad de consentimiento para parejas del mismo sexo por país o territorio |
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 1790–1829 1830–1839 1840–1859 1860–1869 1870–1879 1880–1889 1890–1929 1930–1939 1940–1949 1 1950–1959 1960–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020-presente Se desconoce la fecha para la aprobación de leyes que igualen la edad de consentimiento para parejas del mismo sexo y del sexo opuesto No hay leyes de consentimiento/las leyes de edad de consentimiento siempre son iguales para parejas del mismo sexo y del sexo opuesto Leyes desiguales sobre la edad de consentimiento para parejas del mismo sexo Las relaciones sexuales entre personas del mismo sexo son ilegales 1 Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial , la Alemania nazi anexó u ocupó territorio, extendiendo las leyes alemanas contra las relaciones sexuales entre personas del mismo sexo . La edad de consentimiento se había igualado previamente para las parejas del mismo sexo en los siguientes países o territorios antes de la guerra: Belluno ( legal en 1890 ), Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol ( legal en 1890 ), Friuli-Venecia Julia ( legal en 1890 ), [59] [60] y Polonia ( despenalizada en 1932 ). [61] [62] Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Alemania no aplicó de manera consistente las leyes antihomosexuales en todos los países ocupados. [63] [64] Todos los países y territorios enumerados que fueron anexados o establecidos en reichskommissariats por la Alemania nazi durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial fueron restaurados como países independientes o reincorporados a sus países anteriores durante o después de la guerra y, por lo tanto, volvieron a legalizar las leyes de igualdad de edad de consentimiento para las parejas del mismo sexo en esas áreas. [ cita requerida ] |
| Situación jurídica del matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo |
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 Matrimonio abierto a parejas del mismo sexo Jurisdicción mixta: matrimonio reconocido por el estado pero no por el gobierno tribal para los residentes que son miembros de la tribu. Legislación o sentencia judicial nacional vinculante que establezca el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo, pero el matrimonio aún no está previsto El matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo se reconoce con plenos derechos cuando se celebra en determinadas otras jurisdicciones Uniones civiles o sociedades de convivencia Reconocimiento legal limitado Certificación local sin fuerza legal Reconocimiento limitado del matrimonio celebrado en ciertas otras jurisdicciones (derechos de residencia de los cónyuges) País sujeto a sentencia de tribunal internacional que reconoce matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo Otros países donde las uniones entre personas del mismo sexo no están legalmente reconocidas |
| Situación jurídica de la adopción por parejas del mismo sexo por país o territorio |
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 Adopción conjunta permitida Se permite la adopción por un segundo padre No existen leyes que permitan la adopción por parejas del mismo sexo ni el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo Matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo, pero no se permite la adopción por parte de parejas casadas del mismo sexo |
| Servicio LGBT en las fuerzas armadas nacionales por país o territorio |
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| Leyes contra la discriminación laboral por orientación sexual o identidad de género por país o territorio |
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 Orientación sexual e identidad de género: todos los empleos Ordenanza sobre orientación sexual con discriminación laboral e identidad de género únicamente en el empleo público Orientación sexual: todos los empleos Identidad de género: todos los empleos Orientación sexual e identidad de género: empleo público federal y contratistas federales Orientación sexual e identidad de género: empleo público Orientación sexual: empleo público No existen leyes laborales a nivel nacional que cubran la orientación sexual o la identidad de género |
| Leyes antidiscriminación que cubren bienes y servicios por orientación sexual y/o identidad de género por país o territorio |
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 Orientación sexual e identidad de género cubiertas Orientación sexual cubierta Identidad de género cubierta No existen leyes antidiscriminación a nivel nacional o local que cubran la orientación sexual y/o la identidad de género en bienes y servicios |
| Leyes constitucionales de discriminación por orientación sexual y/o identidad de género por país o territorio |
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| Leyes sobre delitos de odio contra la comunidad LGBT por país o territorio |
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| La incitación al odio por motivos de orientación sexual e identidad de género está prohibida por país o territorio |
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| Situación jurídica de las terapias de conversión para menores basadas en la orientación sexual y la identidad de género por país o territorio |
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 Prohibición de las terapias de conversión basadas en la orientación sexual y la identidad de género Prohibición de facto de la terapia de conversión No se prohibirá la terapia de conversión |
| Igualdad en materia de inmigración por país o territorio [ cita requerida ] |
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| Prohibiciones de uniones entre personas del mismo sexo por país o territorio |
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 No existe prohibición específica de matrimonios o uniones entre personas del mismo sexo Constitución laica prohíbe el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo El matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo está prohibido por ley religiosa constitucional |
| Políticas de donación de sangre para hombres que tienen sexo con hombres por país o territorio |
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 Los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres pueden donar sangre; sin aplazamiento Los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres pueden donar sangre; aplazamiento temporal Los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres no pueden donar sangre; aplazamiento permanente Sin datos |
| Políticas de donación de sangre para parejas sexuales femeninas de hombres que tienen sexo con hombres por país o territorio |
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 Las parejas sexuales femeninas de hombres que tienen sexo con hombres pueden donar sangre; sin aplazamiento Las parejas sexuales femeninas de hombres que tienen sexo con hombres pueden donar sangre; aplazamiento temporal Las parejas sexuales femeninas de hombres que tienen sexo con hombres no pueden donar sangre; aplazamiento permanente Sin datos |
| Leyes relativas a la identidad y expresión de género por país o territorio |
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| Reconocimiento legal de géneros no binarios y tercer género |
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Cronología
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Leyes relacionadas con LGBT por país o territorio
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África
| Lista de países o territorios según los derechos LGBT en África | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Esta tabla: África del Norte
África occidental
África central
África Oriental
Estados del océano Índico
África del Sur
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Américas
| Lista de países o territorios según derechos LGBT en las Américas | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Tablas: América del norte
América Central
caribe
Sudamerica
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Antártida
Asia
| Lista de países o territorios según los derechos LGBT en Asia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Esta tabla: Asia del Norte
Asia central
Asia occidental
South Asia
East Asia
Southeast Asia
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Europe
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Tables: European Union
Central Europe
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
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Oceania
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Tables: Australasia
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia
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See also
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- Capital punishment for non-violent offenses
- Criminalization of homosexuality
- Decriminalization of homosexuality
- Human rights
- Legal status of transgender people
- Legality of conversion therapy
- LGBT people in prison
- Minority rights
- Societal attitudes toward homosexuality
Notes
- ^ Legal nationwide, except in the province of Aceh
- ^ De facto illegal in Chechnya
- ^ A country in this list is to be presumed to have equalized the age of consent at the same time as it decriminalized homosexual acts, unless otherwise noted
- ^ In Taiwan, gender change is not explicitly stated in any law; instead it is permitted by an executive order published by the Ministry of the Interior, which dictates that sex reassignment surgeries are required before gender change. In 2021 a judgement by the Taipei High Administrative Court[432] ruled that the executive order above was unconstitutional and therefore the defendant (district household registration office) must allow the plaintiff to change their gender. The judgement was finalized since the defendant did not appeal. However, since rulings in Taiwan are generally not precedential, said judgement only applies to the plaintiff and does not bind other cases nor the executive branch.
- ^ Except for the settlements Marawi and M'lang.
- ^ In January 2019, a lower administrative court in Warsaw ruled that the language in Article 18 of the Constitution does not explicitly ban same-sex marriage.[503]
References
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- ^ Pritchard, p. 181.
- ^ Gay Rights Or Wrongs: A Christian's Guide to Homosexual Issues and Ministry, by Mike Mazzalonga, 1996, p.11
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- ^ G. R. Driver and J. C. Miles, The Assyrian Laws (Oxford, Clarendon Press [1935]), 71.
- ^ Plutarch, Moralia 288a; Thomas Habinek, "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," in The Roman Cultural Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 39; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 545–546. Scholars disagree as to whether the Lex Scantinia imposed the death penalty or a hefty fine.
- ^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 214–215; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," passim.
- ^ Catharine Edwards, The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 63–64.
- ^ As recorded in a fragment of the speech De Re Floria by Cato the Elder (frg. 57 Jordan = Aulus Gellius 9.12.7), noted and discussed by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 561.
- ^ Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562–563. See also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys.
- ^ Under the Lex Aquilia. See McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 314.
- ^ McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 40.
- ^ Sara Elise Phang, Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 93.
- ^ Polybius. "The Histories Fragments of Book VI". Retrieved 12 May 2024.
- ^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 280–285.
- ^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, p. 3.
- ^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 112 et passim.
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- ^ Suetonius Life of Nero 28–29; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 279ff.
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Marriage, being a union of a man and a woman, as well as the family, motherhood and parenthood, shall be placed under the protection and care of the Republic of Poland.
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W dotychczasowym orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego, wypracowanym i ugruntowanym zarówno w okresie obowiązywania poprzedniego, jak i obecnego Kodeksu postępowania karnego, a także w doktrynie (por. wypowiedzi W. Woltera, A. Zolla, A. Wąska), pojęcie "wspólne pożycie" odnoszone jest wyłącznie do konkubinatu, a w szczególności do związku osób o różnej płci, odpowiadającego od strony faktycznej stosunkowi małżeństwa (którym w myśl art. 18 Konstytucji jest wyłącznie związek osób różnej płci). Tego rodzaju interpretację Sąd Najwyższy, orzekający w niniejszej sprawie, w pełni podziela i nie znajduje podstaw do uznania za przekonywujące tych wypowiedzi pojawiających się w piśmiennictwie, w których podejmowane są próby kwestionowania takiej interpretacji omawianego pojęcia i sprowadzania go wyłącznie do konkubinatu (M. Płachta, K. Łojewski, A.M. Liberkowski). Rozumiejąc bowiem dążenia do rozszerzającej interpretacji pojęcia "wspólne pożycie", użytego w art. 115 § 11 k.k., należy jednak wskazać na całkowity brak w tym względzie dostatecznie precyzyjnych kryteriów.
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Polska Konstytucja określa bowiem małżeństwo jako związek wyłącznie kobiety i mężczyzny. A contrario nie dopuszcza więc związków jednopłciowych. [...] Małżeństwo (jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny) uzyskało w prawie krajowym RP odrębny status konstytucyjny zdeterminowany postanowieniami art. 18 Konstytucji. Zmiana tego statusu byłaby możliwa jedynie przy zachowaniu rygorów trybu zmiany Konstytucji, określonych w art. 235 tego aktu.
- ^ "Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 9 November 2010, SK 10/08".
W doktrynie prawa konstytucyjnego wskazuje się nadto, że jedyny element normatywny, dający się odkodować z art. 18 Konstytucji, to ustalenie zasady heteroseksualności małżeństwa.
- ^ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 25 October 2016, II GSK 866/15".
Ustawa o świadczeniach zdrowotnych finansowanych ze środków publicznych nie wyjaśnia, co prawda, kto jest małżonkiem. Pojęcie to zostało jednak dostatecznie i jasno określone we wspomnianym art. 18 Konstytucji RP, w którym jest mowa o małżeństwie jako o związku kobiety i mężczyzny. W piśmiennictwie podkreśla się, że art. 18 Konstytucji ustala zasadę heteroseksualności małżeństwa, będącą nie tyle zasadą ustroju, co normą prawną, która zakazuje ustawodawcy zwykłemu nadawania charakteru małżeństwa związkom pomiędzy osobami jednej płci (vide: L. Garlicki Komentarz do art. 18 Konstytucji, s. 2-3 [w:] Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Komentarz, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, Warszawa 2003). Jest wobec tego oczywiste, że małżeństwem w świetle Konstytucji i co za tym idzie – w świetle polskiego prawa, może być i jest wyłącznie związek heteroseksualny, a więc w związku małżeńskim małżonkami nie mogą być osoby tej samej płci.
- ^ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 28 February 2018, II OSK 1112/16".
art. 18 Konstytucji RP, który definiuje małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny, a tym samym wynika z niego zasada nakazująca jako małżeństwo traktować w Polsce jedynie związek heteroseksualny.
- ^ *Gallo D; Paladini L; Pustorino P, eds. (2014). Same-Sex Couples before National, Supranational and International Jurisdictions. Berlin: Springer. p. 215. ISBN 978-3-642-35434-2.
the drafters of the 1997 Polish Constitution included a legal definition of a marriage as the union of a woman and a man in the text of the constitution in order to ensure that the introduction of same-sex marriage would not be passed without a constitutional amendment.
- Marek Safjan; Leszek Bosek, eds. (2016). Konstytucja RP. Tom I. Komentarz do art. 1-86. Warszawa: C.H. Beck Wydawnictwo Polska. ISBN 9788325573652.
Z przeprowadzonej powyżej analizy prac nad Konstytucją RP wynika jednoznacznie, że zamieszczenie w art. 18 Konstytucji RP zwrotu definicyjnego "związek kobiety i mężczyzny" stanowiło reakcję na fakt pojawienia się w państwach obcych regulacji poddającej związki osób tej samej płci regulacji zbliżonej lub zbieżnej z instytucją małżeństwa. Uzupełniony tym zwrotem przepis konstytucyjny "miał pełnić rolę instrumentu zapobiegającego wprowadzeniu takiej regulacji do prawa polskiego" (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772). Innego motywu jego wprowadzenia do Konstytucji RP nie da się wskazać (szeroko w tym zakresie B. Banaszkiewicz, "Małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny", s. 640 i n.; zob. też Z. Strus, Znaczenie artykułu 18 Konstytucji, s. 236 i n.). Jak zauważa A. Mączyński istotą tej regulacji było normatywne przesądzenie nie tylko o niemożliwości unormowania w prawie polskim "małżeństw pomiędzy osobami tej samej płci", lecz również innych związków, które mimo tego, że nie zostałyby określone jako małżeństwo miałyby spełniać funkcje do niego podobną (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772; tenże, Konstytucyjne i międzynarodowe uwarunkowania, s. 91; podobnie L. Garlicki, Artykuł 18, w: Garlicki, Konstytucja, t. 3, uw. 4, s. 2, który zauważa, że w tym zakresie art. 18 nabiera "charakteru normy prawnej").
- Scherpe JM, ed. (2016). European Family Law Volume III: Family Law in a European Perspective Family. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78536-304-7.
Constitutional bans on same-sex marriage are now applicable in ten European countries: Article 32, Belarus Constitution; Article 46 Bulgarian Constitution; Article L Hungarian Constitution, Article 110, Latvian Constitution; Article 38.3 Lithuanian Constitution; Article 48 Moldovan Constitution; Article 71 Montenegrin Constitution; Article 18 Polish Constitution; Article 62 Serbian Constitution; and Article 51 Ukrainian Constitution.
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Article 18 of the Polish Constitution limits the institution of marriage to opposite-sex couples.
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to LGBT rights by country or territory.
- International Lesbian and Gay Association
- State-sponsored Homophobia report (2015 edition)
- Lesbian and Gay Rights in the World map (2015 edition)
- Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual: Law at Curlie
- Amnesty International USA: LGBT legal status around the world – interactive map
- Pride Legal Archived 5 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine – information by country
- Human Rights Watch on LGBT Rights
- International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission resource links – for researching legal information
- International Commission of Jurists, Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Justice – A Comparative Law Casebook
- United Nations Human Rights Council, Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, an annual report
- United Nations, Living Free and Equal: What States Are Doing to Tackle Violence and Discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex People, November 2016
