Preones , partículas hipotéticas propuestas como subcomponentes de los quarks y los leptones; el límite superior para el ancho de una cuerda cósmica en la teoría de cuerdas
Desde 2019, se define como la longitud del camino recorrido por la luz en el vacío durante un intervalo de tiempo de 1/299.792.458 de segundo , donde el segundo está definido por una frecuencia de transición hiperfina del cesio .
2,72 metros
Altura de Robert Wadlow , el ser humano más alto conocido. [31]
A partir de octubre de 2010, la distancia al planeta extrasolar descubierto más cercano con potencial para albergar vida según la definición científica actual ( Gliese 581 d )
615 pm
Radio aproximado de la burbuja de radio de la humanidad, causada por transmisiones de televisión de alta potencia que se filtran a través de la atmósfera hacia el espacio exterior.
10 18
1 examinametro (Em)
1.9Em
Distancia al gemelo solar cercano ( HIP 56948 ), una estrella con propiedades prácticamente idénticas al Sol [42]
Distancia estimada que recorre la luz hasta ciertos cuásares . Longitud de la Gran Muralla Hércules-Corona Boreal , una colosal pared de galaxias, la estructura más grande y masiva del universo observable en 2014
Límite inferior del radio (posiblemente infinito) del universo, si es una 3-esfera , según una estimación que utiliza los datos de WMAP con un 95% de confianza [52]. Esto implica equivalentemente que hay al menos 21 volúmenes del tamaño de un horizonte de partículas en el universo.
[nota 3]
metro
metro
Según las leyes de probabilidad, la distancia que uno debe recorrer hasta encontrar un volumen de espacio idéntico a nuestro universo observable con condiciones idénticas a las nuestras. [53] [54]
1,6 × 10 −5 quectómetros (1,6 × 10 −35 metros): la longitud de Planck (las medidas de distancia más cortas que ésta no tienen sentido físico, según las teorías actuales de la física ).
1 qm – 1 quectómetro, la subdivisión más pequeña del metro en la unidad base de longitud del SI, una nonillonésima parte de un metro. [56]
Para ayudar a comparar diferentes órdenes de magnitud , esta sección enumera longitudes entre 10 −13 m y 10 −12 m (100 fm y 1 pm ).
570 fm: distancia típica desde el núcleo atómico de los dos electrones más internos (electrones en la capa 1s ) en el átomo de uranio , el átomo natural más pesado
200 nm: tamaño típico de una bacteria Mycoplasma , una de las bacterias más pequeñas
300 nm: el mayor tamaño de partícula que puede pasar a través de un filtro HEPA (aire particulado de alta eficiencia) (N100 elimina hasta el 99,97 % a 300 nm, N95 elimina hasta el 95 % a 300 nm) [73]
Para ayudar a comparar diferentes órdenes de magnitud , esta sección enumera longitudes entre 10 −4 m y 10 −3 m (100 μm y 1 mm ). El término miriómetro (abr. mom, equivalente a 100 micrómetros; frecuentemente confundido con el miriámetro , 10 kilómetros) [86] está en desuso; el prefijo métrico decimal myrio- [87] está obsoleto [88] [89] [90] y no se incluyó entre los prefijos cuando se introdujo el Sistema Internacional de Unidades en 1960.
100 μm – 1/10 de milímetro
100 μm – 0,00394 pulgadas
100 μm: la distancia más pequeña que se puede ver a simple vista
100 μm – diámetro promedio de una hebra de cabello humano [25]
32 cm – longitud de la rana Goliat , la rana más grande del mundo
46 cm = 4,6 dm – longitud de un gato doméstico promedio
50 a 65 cm = 5–6,5 dm – la cola de un coatí
66 cm = 6,6 dm – longitud de las piñas más largas (producidas por el pino azucarero [104] )
Astronómico
84 cm = 8,4 dm – diámetro aproximado de 2008 TS26, un meteoroide
1 metro
Para ayudar a comparar diferentes órdenes de magnitud , en esta sección se enumeran longitudes entre un metro y diez metros. La luz, en el vacío, recorre un metro en 1 ⁄ 299.792.458 , o 3,3356409519815E-9 de segundo.
1,63 m (5 pies 4 pulgadas) (o 64 pulgadas) – altura promedio de una mujer estadounidense en 2002 [update](fuente: Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC) de EE. UU.)
1,75 m (5 pies y 8 pulgadas) – altura promedio de un hombre en los EE. UU. en 2002 [update](fuente: CDC de los EE. UU. según la mujer mencionada anteriormente)
100 metros – longitud de onda de la frecuencia de radio de onda corta más baja, 3 MHz
Deportes
11 metros: ancho aproximado de una cancha de tenis de dobles
15 metros: el ancho de una cancha de baloncesto estándar de la FIBA
15,24 metros: el ancho de una cancha de baloncesto de la NBA (50 pies)
18,44 metros – distancia entre la parte delantera de la goma del lanzador y el punto trasero del plato de home en un campo de béisbol (60 pies, 6 pulgadas) [112]
20 metros – longitud del campo de cricket (22 yardas) [113]
27,43 metros – distancia entre bases en un campo de béisbol (90 pies)
28 metros: longitud de una cancha de baloncesto estándar de la FIBA
28,65 metros: longitud de una cancha de baloncesto de la NBA (94 pies)
49 metros – ancho de un campo de fútbol americano (53 1 ⁄ 3 yardas)
59,436 metros: ancho de un campo de fútbol canadiense (65 yardas)
70 metros: el ancho típico de un campo de fútbol
91 metros: longitud de un campo de fútbol americano (100 yardas, medidas entre las líneas de gol)
Naturaleza
10 metros: longitud media del tracto digestivo humano [ cita requerida ]
15 metros: distancia aproximada: los círculos tropicales de latitud se mueven hacia el ecuador y los círculos polares se mueven hacia los polos cada año debido a una disminución natural y gradual de la inclinación axial de la Tierra.
16 metros: la longitud de un cachalote , la ballena dentada más grande
18 metros: la altura de un Sauroposeidon , el dinosaurio más alto conocido
20 metros: la longitud de un Leedsichthys , el pez más grande conocido que haya vivido
21 metros de altura de la cascada High Force en Inglaterra
30,5 metros de longitud de la medusa melena de león , la medusa más grande del mundo
33 metros: la longitud de una ballena azul , [114] el animal más grande de la Tierra, vivo o extinto, en términos de masa.
39 metros: la longitud de un supersaurio , el dinosaurio más largo conocido y el vertebrado más largo [115]
9,8 km – longitud de The World , un archipiélago artificial que también está construido frente a la costa de Dubai , cuyas islas se asemejan a un mapa del mundo
Naturaleza
1,5 km: distancia que recorre el sonido en el agua en un segundo
Para ayudar a comparar diferentes órdenes de magnitud , esta sección enumera longitudes entre 10 y 100 kilómetros (10 4 a 10 5 metros ). El miriámetro [134] (a veces también escrito myriometre ; 10,000 metros) es un nombre de unidad en desuso; el prefijo métrico decimal myria- [87] (a veces también escrito como myrio- [135] [136] [137] ) está obsoleto [88] [89] [90] y no se incluyó entre los prefijos cuando se introdujo el Sistema Internacional de Unidades en 1960.
66 km – diámetro de Náyade , la más interna de las lunas de Neptuno
100 kilómetros
Una longitud de 100 kilómetros (unas 62 millas), como valor aproximado, es relativamente común en las mediciones en la Tierra y para algunos objetos astronómicos. Es la altitud a la que la FAI define que comienzan los vuelos espaciales .
989 mm – diámetro de Epsilon Indi , una de las estrellas más cercanas a la Tierra
1 gigametro
;parte inferior: sus imágenes especulares más oscuras (interpretación del artista).
Elgigámetro (SI:Gm ) es unaunidaddelongituddelsistema métricoque equivale a1 000 000 000 metros(109 m). Para ayudar a comparar diferentes distancias, en esta sección se enumeran longitudes que comienzan en 109metros(1 gigámetro (Gm) o 1000 millonesde metros).
1,71 Gm – diámetro de Alpha Centauri A, una de las estrellas más cercanas. [156]
2,19 Gm: el acercamiento más cercano del cometa Lexell a la Tierra , ocurrido el 1 de julio de 1770; el acercamiento más cercano registrado de un cometa
2,38 Gm – diámetro de Sirio A, la estrella más brillante a simple vista. [157]
3 Gm – longitud total del “cableado” en el cerebro humano [158]
5,0 Gm: el máximo acercamiento del cometa Halley a la Tierra, ocurrido el 10 de abril de 837
5,0 Gm – (propuesto) Tamaño de los brazos del interferómetro de Michelson con forma de triángulo gigante de la Antena Espacial de Interferómetro Láser (LISA), cuyas observaciones están previstas para iniciarse en algún momento de la década de 2030.
7,9 Gm – diámetro de Gamma Orionis , una enana azul o gigante azul
12,6 Gm – diámetro de Pollux , la estrella gigante roja más cercana al Sol. [161] Es una estrella roja que fusiona helio en carbono en su núcleo. [162]
35 Gm – diámetro aproximado de Arcturus , una estrella gigante roja cercana. [163] Está en la rama de las gigantes rojas , fusionando hidrógeno en helio en una capa que rodea un núcleo de helio inerte. [162]
1,35 Tm – 9,04 au – diámetro estimado de Mu Cephei , una supergigante roja (posiblemente hipergigante) entre las estrellas más grandes conocidas . [173] Algunas estimaciones, sin embargo, llegan hasta 1,98 Tm (13,2 au). [174]
1,4 Tm – 9,5 au – distancia entre Saturno y el Sol
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (November 2012)
Para ayudar a comparar diferentes distancias, esta sección enumera longitudes que comienzan en 10 14 m (100 Tm o 100 mil millones de km o 670 unidades astronómicas ).
7,5 pm – 50.000 AU – posible límite exterior de la nube de Oort (otras estimaciones son de 75.000 a 125.000 o incluso 189.000 AU (1,18, 2 y 3 años luz , respectivamente))
9,5 Pm – 63.241,1 UA – un año luz , la distancia recorrida por la luz en un año
260 Pm – 27 años luz – Distancia a Chara , una estrella aproximadamente tan brillante como el Sol. Su debilidad da una idea de cómo se vería el Sol visto desde esta distancia.
ElExametro (SI:Em ) es unaunidaddelongituddelsistema métricoque equivale a 1018metros. Para ayudar a comparar diferentesdistancias,en esta sección se enumeran longitudes entre 1018m(1 Emo 105,7años luz) y 1019 m (10 Em o 1057 años luz).
Para ayudar a comparar diferentes órdenes de magnitud , esta sección enumera distancias que comienzan en 1 Ym (10 24 m o 105,702 millones de años luz ).
4,7 millones de años luz (496 millones de años luz) de longitud de la Gran Muralla CfA2 , una de las superestructuras más grandes observadas en el Universo
9,5 millones de años luz (996 millones de años luz) de diámetro del supervacío de Eridanus
10 yottametros
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 10 Ym (1025m or 1.1 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depends on the cosmological models used.
13 Ym – 1.37 billion light-years – length of the South Pole Wall
13 Ym – 1.38 billion light-years – length of the Sloan Great Wall
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 100 Ym (1026m or 11 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depend on the cosmological models used.
260 Ym – 27.4 billion light-years – diameter of the observable universe (double LTD)
440 Ym – 46 billion light-years – radius of the universe measured as a comoving distance
590 Ym – 62 billion light-years – cosmological event horizon: the largest comoving distance from which light will ever reach us (the observer) at any time in the future
886.48 Ym – 93.7 billion light-years – the diameter of the observable universe (twice the particle horizon); however, there might be unobserved distances that are even greater.
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 1 Rm (1027m or 105.7 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depend on the cosmological models used.
>1 Rm – >105.7 billion light-years – size of universe beyond the cosmic light horizon, depending on its curvature; if the curvature is zero (i.e. the universe is spatially flat), the value can be infinite (see Shape of the universe) as previously mentioned.
2.764 Rm - 292.2 billion light-years - circumference of the observable universe, as it is in the shape of a sphere.
^The diameter of human hair ranges from 17 to 181 μm Ley, Brian (1999). Elert, Glenn (ed.). "Diameter of a human hair". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
^ a bThe exact category (asteroid, dwarf planet, or planet) to which particular Solar System objects belong, has been subject to some revision since the discovery of extrasolar planets and trans-Neptunian objects
^10115 is 1 followed by 115 zeroes, or a googol multiplied by a quadrillion. 1010115 is 1 followed by a quadrillion googol zeroes. 101010122 is 1 followed by 1010122 (a googolplex10 sextillion) zeroes.
^But not cloud or high-level fog droplets; droplet size increases with altitude. For a contradictory study indicating larger drop sizes even in ground fog, see Eldridge, Ralph G. (October 1961). "A Few Fog Drop-Size Distributions". Journal of Meteorology. 18 (5): 671–6. Bibcode:1961JAtS...18..671E. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1961)018<0671:AFFDSD>2.0.CO;2.
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External links
How Big Are Things? – displays orders of magnitude in successively larger rooms.
Powers of Ten – Travel across the Universe.
Cosmos – Journey from microcosmos to macrocosmos (Digital Nature Agency).
Scale of the universe – interactive guide to length magnitudes
Video (4:29) on YouTube – Orders of Magnitude (March 2020).