Portal:Historia
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El portal de la historia
La historia (derivada del griego antiguo ἱστορία ( historía ) 'indagación; conocimiento adquirido mediante la investigación') es el estudio sistemático y la documentación del pasado humano . La historia es una disciplina académica que utiliza una narrativa para describir, examinar, cuestionar y analizar eventos pasados e investigar sus patrones de causa y efecto. Los historiadores debaten qué narrativa explica mejor un evento, así como la importancia de diferentes causas y efectos. Los historiadores debaten la naturaleza de la historia como un fin en sí misma y su utilidad para dar perspectiva a los problemas del presente.
El período de acontecimientos anterior a la invención de los sistemas de escritura se considera prehistoria . "Historia" es un término general que abarca los acontecimientos pasados, así como la memoria, el descubrimiento, la recopilación, la organización, la presentación y la interpretación de estos acontecimientos. Los historiadores buscan el conocimiento del pasado utilizando fuentes históricas como documentos escritos, relatos orales o historias orales tradicionales , arte y artefactos materiales y marcadores ecológicos.
Las historias comunes a una cultura en particular, pero que no están respaldadas por fuentes externas (como los cuentos que rodean al Rey Arturo ), generalmente se clasifican como patrimonio cultural o leyendas . La historia se diferencia del mito en que está respaldada por evidencia verificable . Sin embargo, las influencias culturales antiguas han ayudado a crear interpretaciones variantes de la naturaleza de la historia, que han evolucionado a lo largo de los siglos y continúan cambiando hoy en día. El estudio moderno de la historia es de amplio alcance e incluye el estudio de regiones específicas y ciertos elementos temáticos o tópicos de la investigación histórica. La historia se enseña como parte de la educación primaria y secundaria, y el estudio académico de la historia es una disciplina importante en las universidades.
Heródoto , historiador griego del siglo V a. C. , es considerado a menudo el «padre de la historia», como uno de los primeros historiadores de la tradición occidental, aunque ha sido criticado como el «padre de las mentiras». Junto con su contemporáneo Tucídides , ayudó a sentar las bases para el estudio moderno de los acontecimientos y las sociedades del pasado. Sus obras siguen leyéndose hoy en día, y la brecha entre el Heródoto centrado en la cultura y el Tucídides centrado en lo militar sigue siendo un punto de discordia o enfoque en la escritura histórica moderna. En Asia oriental, una crónica estatal , los Anales de primavera y otoño , se creía que databa de 722 a. C., aunque solo han sobrevivido textos del siglo II a. C. El título de «padre de la historia» también se ha atribuido, en sus respectivas sociedades, a Sima Qian , Ibn Khaldun y Kenneth Dike . ( Artículo completo... )
Aquí se muestran artículos destacados , que representan algunos de los mejores contenidos de Wikipedia en inglés.
Image 1
El vicealmirante Sir Charles Richardson KCB ( c. 10 de marzo de 1769 - 10 de noviembre de 1850) fue un oficial naval británico de los siglos XVIII y XIX. Su carrera naval comenzó cuando se unió al HMS Vestal como sirviente del capitán en 1787. En Vestal hizo un viaje abortado a China antes de servir en la Estación de las Indias Orientales , donde se transfirió al HMS Phoenix y luchó en la Batalla de Tellicherry y la Tercera Guerra Anglo-Mysore en 1791 y 1792. Habiendo regresado a Inglaterra como segundo de capitán , Richardson luchó en el Glorioso Primero de Junio en el HMS Royal George en 1794 antes de ser ascendido a teniente en el HMS Circe . En 1797, combatió con éxito el motín de Nore en Circe antes de luchar en la Batalla de Camperdown, donde capturó personalmente al almirante holandés Jan Willem de Winter . Posteriormente se convirtió en teniente de bandera del almirante Adam Duncan y luchó en la batalla de Callantsoog y el incidente de Vlieter en la invasión anglo-rusa de Holanda de 1799. Luego navegó a Egipto en el HMS Kent , donde volvió a tierra, luchando en las batallas de Abukir , Mandora y Alejandría en 1801.
Ascendido a comandante en julio de 1801, Richardson recibió el mando del en flautista HMS Alligator . Después de que comenzaran las guerras napoleónicas en 1803, fue enviado a la estación de las Islas de Sotavento , donde capturó tres asentamientos holandeses en septiembre. Richardson hizo una valiosa contribución en la batalla de Surinam al año siguiente, por la que se le dio el mando del HMS Centaur y fue ascendido a capitán de navío . Dejando el Centaur en 1805, a principios del año siguiente recibió el mando del HMS Caesar . En Caesar Richardson luchó en las batallas de Les Sables-d'Olonne y de los Caminos Vascos en 1809. Se unió a la Campaña de Walcheren.Más tarde, en ese mismo año, asumió el mando de una brigada naval que operaba en tierra. En 1810, recibió el mando del HMS Semiramis en el Canal de la Mancha ; en cooperación con el HMS Diana , luchó contra dos buques de guerra franceses y un pequeño convoy frente a la Gironda , que contó con el apoyo de Spencer Perceval , el primer ministro . ( Artículo completo... )- Image 2Nairana in dazzle camouflage
HMS Nairana (/naɪˈrɑːnə/) was a passenger ferry that was requisitioned by the Royal Navy (RN) as a seaplane carrier in 1917. She was laid down in Scotland in 1914 as TSS Nairana for the Australian shipping line Huddart Parker, but construction was suspended after the outbreak of the First World War. Following resumption of work, the ship was launched in 1915, and converted to operate wheeled aircraft from her forward flying-off deck, as well as floatplanes that were lowered into the water. She saw service during the war with the Grand Fleet, and in 1918–19 supported the British intervention in the Russian Civil War.
Nairana was returned to her former owners in 1921 and refitted in her original planned configuration, and spent the next 27 years ferrying passengers and cargo between Tasmania and Melbourne. She was twice struck by rogue waves in Bass Strait, and nearly capsized on both occasions. Nairana was the only Bass Strait ferry not requisitioned for military service in the Second World War, and so became the sole passenger ship with service to Tasmania during the conflict. She was laid up in 1948, wrecked in a storm three years later and scrapped in situ in 1953–54. (Full article...) - Image 3
Konstantin "Kosta" Milovanović Pećanac (Serbian Cyrillic: Константин "Коста" Миловановић Пећанац; 1879–1944) was a Serbian and Yugoslav Chetnik commander (vojvoda) during the Balkan Wars, World War I and World War II. Pećanac fought on the Serbian side in both Balkan Wars and World War I, joining the forces of Kosta Vojinović during the Toplica uprising of 1917. Between the wars he was an important leader of Chetnik veteran associations, and was known for his strong hostility to the Yugoslav Communist Party, which made him popular in conservative circles. As president of the Chetnik Association during the 1930s, he transformed it into an aggressively partisan Serb political organisation with over half a million members. During World War II, Pećanac collaborated with both the German military administration and their puppet government in the German-occupied territory of Serbia.
Just before the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, the Yugoslav government provided Pećanac with funds and arms to raise guerrilla units in southern Serbia, Macedonia and Kosovo. He formed a detachment of about 300 men, mostly in the Toplica river valley in southern Serbia, which avoided destruction during the invasion. In the first three months after the surrender, Pećanac gathered more troops from Serb refugees fleeing Macedonia and Kosovo. However, his Chetniks fought only Albanian groups in the region, and did not engage the Germans. Following the uprising in the occupied territory in early July 1941, Pećanac quickly resolved to abandon resistance against the occupiers, and by the end of August had concluded agreements with the German occupation forces and the puppet government of Milan Nedić to collaborate with them and fight the communist-led Partisans. In July 1942, rival Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović arranged for the Yugoslav government-in-exile to denounce Pećanac as a traitor, and his continuing collaboration with the Germans ruined what remained of the reputation he had developed in the Balkan Wars and World War I. (Full article...) - Image 4
Helmut Lent (13 June 1918 – 7 October 1944) was a German night-fighter ace in World War II. Lent shot down 110 aircraft, 102 of them at night. Born into a devoutly religious family, he showed an early passion for glider flying; against his father's wishes, he joined the Luftwaffe in 1936. After completing his training, he was assigned to the 1. Squadron, or Staffel, of Zerstörergeschwader 76 (ZG 76), a wing flying the Messerschmitt Bf 110 twin-engine heavy fighter. Lent claimed his first aerial victories at the outset of World War II in the invasion of Poland and over the North Sea. During the invasion of Norway he flew ground support missions before he was transferred to the newly established Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1), a night-fighter wing.
Lent claimed his first nocturnal victory on 12 May 1941 and on 30 August 1941 was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for 22 victories. His steady accumulation of aerial victories resulted in regular promotions and awards. On the night of 15 June 1944, Major Lent was the first night fighter pilot to claim 100 nocturnal aerial victories, a feat which earned him the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds on 31 July 1944. (Full article...) - Image 5
James Chadwick (left), the head of the British Mission, confers with Major General Leslie R. Groves Jr. (right), the director of the Manhattan Project
Britain initiated the first research project to design an atomic bomb in 1941. Building on this work, Britain prompted the United States to recognise how important this type of research was, helped the U.S. to start the Manhattan Project in 1942, and supplied crucial expertise and materials that contributed to the project's successful completion in time to influence the end of the Second World War.
Following the discovery of nuclear fission in uranium, scientists Rudolf Peierls and Otto Frisch at the University of Birmingham calculated, in March 1940, that the critical mass of a metallic sphere of pure uranium-235 was as little as 1 to 10 kilograms (2.2 to 22.0 lb), and would explode with the power of thousands of tons of dynamite. The Frisch–Peierls memorandum prompted Britain to create an atomic bomb project, known as Tube Alloys. Mark Oliphant, an Australian physicist working in Britain, was instrumental in making the results of the British MAUD Report known in the United States in 1941 by a visit in person. Initially the British project was larger and more advanced, but after the United States entered the war, the American project soon outstripped and dwarfed its British counterpart. The British government then decided to shelve its own nuclear ambitions, and participate in the American project. (Full article...) - Image 6
Lord Cherwell, scientific advisor to the Prime Minister, Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Portal, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Dudley Pound, and Winston Churchill in June 1941.
Tube Alloys was the research and development programme authorised by the United Kingdom, with participation from Canada, to develop nuclear weapons during the Second World War. Starting before the Manhattan Project in the United States, the British efforts were kept classified, and as such had to be referred to by code even within the highest circles of government.
The possibility of nuclear weapons was acknowledged early in the war. At the University of Birmingham, Rudolf Peierls and Otto Robert Frisch co-wrote a memorandum explaining that a small mass of pure uranium-235 could be used to produce a chain reaction in a bomb with the power of thousands of tons of TNT. This led to the formation of the MAUD Committee, which called for an all-out effort to develop nuclear weapons. Wallace Akers, who oversaw the project, chose the deliberately misleading code name "Tube Alloys". His Tube Alloys Directorate was part of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. (Full article...) - Image 7
Constantine III (Latin: Flavius Claudius Constantinus; died shortly before 18 September 411) was a common Roman soldier who was declared emperor in Roman Britain in 407 and established himself in Gaul. He was recognised as co-emperor of the Roman Empire from 409 until 411.
Constantine rose to power from within the field army of Roman Britain and was acclaimed emperor in early 407. He promptly moved to Gaul (modern France), taking all of the mobile troops from Britain, with their commander Gerontius, to confront bands of Germanic invaders who had crossed the Rhine the previous winter. With a mixture of fighting and diplomacy Constantine stabilised the situation and established control over Gaul and Hispania (modern Spain and Portugal), establishing his capital at Arles. The sitting emperor of the Western Roman Empire, Honorius, sent an army under Sarus the Goth to expel Constantine's forces. After initial victories, Sarus was repulsed. In Hispania, Honorius's relatives rose and expelled Constantine's administration. An army under the general Gerontius was sent to deal with this and Constantine's authority was re-established. In early 409 Honorius recognised Constantine as co-emperor. Constantine in turn raised his own oldest son to co-emperor as Constans II. (Full article...) - Image 8
SMS Schlesien was one of five Deutschland-class pre-dreadnought battleships built for the German Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy) between 1904 and 1906. Named after the German province of Silesia, Schlesien was laid down at the Schichau-Werke shipyard in Danzig on 19 November 1904, launched on 28 May 1906, and commissioned on 5 May 1908. She was armed with a battery of four 28 cm (11 in) guns and had a top speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph). The ships of her class were already outdated by the time they entered service, as they were inferior in size, armor, firepower, and speed to the revolutionary new British battleship HMS Dreadnought.
After commissioning, Schlesien was assigned to I Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet, later being transferred to II Battle Squadron. She was primarily occupied with training cruises and fleet maneuvers in her early career. She served with the fleet throughout the first two years of World War I, seeing action at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916, where she was briefly actively engaged in combat. After Jutland, the Imperial Navy relegated Schlesien to guard duties before withdrawing her altogether in 1917, when she became a training ship. The Treaty of Versailles permitted the German navy to keep eight obsolete battleships, including Schlesien, to defend the German coast. Initially kept in reserve, she was modernized in the mid-1920s and saw extensive service with the reorganized Reichsmarine. (Full article...) - Image 9
The Battle for Henderson Field, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal or Battle of Lunga Point by the Japanese, took place from 23 to 26 October 1942 on and around Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. The battle was a land, sea, and air battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II and was fought between the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy and Allied forces, mainly U.S. Marines and Army. The battle was the last of three major land offensives conducted by the Japanese during the Guadalcanal campaign.
In the battle, U.S. Marine and Army forces repulsed an attack by the Japanese 17th Army under the command of Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake.
The American forces were defending the Lunga perimeter that guarded Henderson Field on Guadalcanal, which the Allies had captured from the Japanese in landings on Guadalcanal on 7 August 1942. Hyakutake's force was sent to Guadalcanal in response to the Allied landings with the mission of recapturing the airfield and driving the Allied forces off the island. His soldiers conducted numerous assaults over three days at various locations around the Lunga perimeter, all repulsed with heavy Japanese losses. At the same time, Allied aircraft operating from Henderson Field successfully defended American positions on Guadalcanal from attacks by Japanese naval air and sea forces. (Full article...) - Image 10Portrait by George Bagby Matthews after Thomas Sully, c. 1891
Patrick Henry (May 29, 1736 [O.S. May 18, 1736] – June 6, 1799) was an American politician, planter and orator who declared to the Second Virginia Convention (1775): "Give me liberty, or give me death!" A Founding Father, he served as the first and sixth post-colonial Governor of Virginia, from 1776 to 1779 and from 1784 to 1786.
A native of Hanover County, Virginia, Henry was primarily educated at home. After an unsuccessful venture running a store, as well as assisting his father-in-law at Hanover Tavern, he became a lawyer through self-study. Beginning his practice in 1760, Henry soon became prominent through his victory in the Parson's Cause against the Anglican clergy. He was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses, where he quickly became notable for his inflammatory rhetoric against the Stamp Act of 1765. (Full article...) - Image 11
Ranavalona I (born Rabodoandrianampoinimerina (also called Ramavo); 1778 – 16 August 1861), also known as Ranavalo-Manjaka I and the "Mad Monarch of Madagascar" was sovereign of the Kingdom of Madagascar from 1828 to 1861. After positioning herself as queen following the death of her young husband, Radama I, Ranavalona pursued a policy of isolationism and self-sufficiency, reducing economic and political ties with European powers, repelling a French attack on the coastal town of Foulpointe, and taking vigorous measures to eradicate the small but growing Malagasy Christian movement initiated under Radama I by members of the London Missionary Society.
She made heavy use of the traditional practice of fanompoana (forced labor as tax payment) to complete public works projects and develop a standing army of between 20,000 and 30,000 Merina soldiers, whom she deployed to pacify outlying regions of the island and further expand the realm. The combination of regular warfare, disease, difficult forced labor and the practice of tangena (a harsh trials by ordeal using a poisonous nut from the Cerbera manghas shrub) resulted in a high mortality rate among both soldiers and civilians during her 33-year reign, with Madagascar's population reducing from 5 million in 1833 to 2.5 million in 1839. (Full article...) - Image 12Marble head found at Pergamon dated to the 3rd century BC, currently at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin; hypothesized to be depicting Attalus I.
Attalus I (Ancient Greek: Ἄτταλος 'Attalos'), surnamed Soter (Greek: Σωτήρ, 'Savior'; 269–197 BC), was the ruler of the Greek polis of Pergamon (modern-day Bergama, Turkey) and the larger Pergamene Kingdom from 241 BC to 197 BC. He was the adopted son of King Eumenes I, whom he succeeded, and was the first of the Attalid dynasty to assume the title of king, sometime around 240 to 235 BC. He was the son of Attalus and his wife Antiochis.
Attalus won an important victory, the Battle of the Caecus River, over the Galatians, a group of migratory Celtic tribes from Thrace, who had been plundering and exacting tribute throughout most of Asia Minor for more than a generation. The victory was celebrated with a triumphal monument at Pergamon (The Dying Gaul) and Attalus taking the surname "Soter" and the title of king. He participated in the first and second Macedonian Wars against Philip V of Macedon as a loyal ally of the Roman Republic, although Pergamene participation was ultimately rather minor in these wars. He conducted numerous naval operations throughout the Aegean, gained the island of Aegina for Pergamon during the first war and Andros during the second, twice narrowly escaping capture at the hands of Philip V. During his reign, Pergamon also repeatedly struggled with the neighboring Seleucid Empire to the east, resulting in both successes and setbacks. (Full article...) - Image 13
The Battle of Plum Point Bend took place in Tennessee during the American Civil War on May 10, 1862, on the Mississippi River, between ships of the Confederate River Defense Fleet and the Union Western Flotilla. Fighting for control of the Mississippi had been ongoing since the prior year as Union forces pushed downriver to Fort Pillow, about 50 miles (80 km) north of Memphis. The Union had been using mortar boats to bombard Fort Pillow, and had settled into a regular routine. The Union's daily tactic was to send a single mortar boat guarded by an ironclad warship to a position further downriver to shell the fort, while the rest of the fleet remained upriver. On the morning of May 10, the Confederates attacked in the hope of capturing the guard ironclad and then surprising the rest of the Union fleet.
When the attack came, most of the Union ironclads did not have steam pressure built up and so were unprepared to move. Three of the eight Confederate vessels, CSS General Bragg, CSS General Sterling Price, and CSS General Sumter, rammed the guard ironclad, USS Cincinnati; the Union vessel later sank from her damage. Two further ironclads were able to steam from the main group upriver and join the action: USS Carondelet and USS Mound City. In turn, CSS General Earl Van Dorn rammed Mound City; the Union vessel was damaged so severely that she was later run aground on a shoal, where she sank. (Full article...) - Image 14
The Hrabri class of submarines consisted of two vessels built for the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes – Yugoslavia from 1929 on – by Vickers-Armstrong in the United Kingdom. Launched in 1927, the boats were named Hrabri (Brave) and Nebojša (Fearless). Their design was based on that of the British L-class submarine of World War I, and they were built using parts from L-class submarines that were never completed. The Hrabri-class were the first submarines to serve in the Royal Yugoslav Navy (KM), and after extensive sea trials and testing they sailed from the UK to the Adriatic coast of Yugoslavia, arriving in April 1928. They were armed with six bow-mounted 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes, two 102 mm (4 in) deck guns, one QF 2-pounder (40 mm (1.6 in)) L/39 anti-aircraft gun and two machine guns. Their maximum diving depth was restricted to 55 metres (180 ft) by Yugoslav naval regulations.
Prior to World War II, both submarines participated in cruises to Mediterranean ports. In 1930, Nebojša was damaged in a collision with a merchant ship. In 1933–1934 both boats were refitted, their superstructure was extensively modified and the 2-pounder gun on each submarine was replaced with a single 13.2 mm (0.52 in) Hotchkiss M1929 anti-aircraft machine gun. By 1938 the class was considered to be obsolete, but efforts to replace the two old boats with modern German coastal submarines were stymied by the advent of World War II, and the class remained in service. (Full article...) - Image 15
The Nuremberg trials were held by the Allies against representatives of the defeated Nazi Germany for plotting and carrying out invasions of other countries across Europe and atrocities against their citizens in World War II.
Between 1939 and 1945, Nazi Germany invaded many countries across Europe, inflicting 27 million deaths in the Soviet Union alone. Proposals for how to punish the defeated Nazi leaders ranged from a show trial (the Soviet Union) to summary executions (the United Kingdom). In mid-1945, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States agreed to convene a joint tribunal in Nuremberg, occupied Germany, with the Nuremberg Charter as its legal instrument. Between 20 November 1945 and 1 October 1946, the International Military Tribunal (IMT) tried 22 of the most important surviving leaders of Nazi Germany in the political, military, and economic spheres, as well as six German organizations. The purpose of the trial was not just to convict the defendants but also to assemble irrefutable evidence of Nazi crimes, offer a history lesson to the defeated Germans, and delegitimize the traditional German elite. (Full article...)
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Imagen destacada
- Image 1Fotografía: Museo de Arte del Condado de Los ÁngelesEscultura de la dinastía Chola que representa a Shiva . En el hinduismo , Shiva es la deidad de la destrucción y uno de los dioses más importantes; en esta escultura, está bailando como Nataraja , el bailarín divino que desenreda el mundo para que Brahma lo rehaga .
- Image 2Painting by Benjamin HaydonBenjamin Haydon's painting of Thomas Clarkson addressing the 1840 Anti-Slavery Convention, held by the Anti-Slavery Society at Exeter Hall in London. The organisation was the second to bear that name and was dedicated to the abolishment of slavery worldwide. It continues to function today as Anti-Slavery International.
- Image 3Artist: Unknown, after Johann ZahnA drawing of the Vegetable Lamb of Tartary (Agnus scythicus), a zoophyte of Central Asia. Botanist Henry Lee described it as both a true animal and a living plant, although he did allow for the possibility that the lamb was the fruit of the plant. The lamb was believed to have blood, bones, and flesh like that of a normal lamb. It was connected to the earth by a stem similar to an umbilical cord that propped the lamb up above ground. The cord could flex downward allowing the lamb to feed on the grass and plants surrounding it. Once the plants within reach were eaten, the lamb died, at which point its cotton-like wool would be harvested and used to make textiles.
- Image 4Artist: William Simpson; Restoration: Adam CuerdenOn October 25, 1854, during the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War, British cavalry units charged heavily fortified Russian opposition, an action known as the Charge of the Light Brigade. By mischance, they attacked the wrong target, as the orders were unclear, and as a result suffered great casualties. Alfred, Lord Tennyson's famous poem made the charge a symbol of warfare at both its most courageous and its most tragic.
- Image 5Lithography: Day & Son; Restoration: Jake WartenbergAn 1856 lithograph of the Selimiye Barracks, located in Istanbul, Turkey, being used as a hospital during the Crimean War. Florence Nightingale's experiences here during this time helped her develop the foundations of modern nursing. As such, the barracks now contain a museum dedicated to her and her staff.
- Image 6Photo credit: United States Coast GuardLanding ships putting ashore on Omaha Beach at low tide during the first days of the Invasion of Normandy, mid-June, 1944. Barrage balloons fly overhead and U.S. Army "half-tracks" form a convoy on the beach. The Normandy landing was the largest seaborne invasion in history, with almost three million troops crossing the English Channel.
- Image 7Artist: Kasai Torajirō; Restoration: StaxringoldJapanese and British troops attack members of the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists ("Boxers") at Beijing Castle during the Boxer Rebellion of 1899–1901. The Boxers, angered by foreign imperialist expansion into Qing Dynasty China, had engaged in looting, arson, and killings of foreigners. In 1900, the Empress Dowager Cixi employed the Boxers to attack foreign settlements in Beijing. The uprising was eventually put down by 20,000 troops from the Eight-Nation Alliance.
- Image 8Photo credit: Berlyn BrixnerThe Trinity nuclear test explosion, .016 seconds after detonation. The fireball is about 200 metres (700 ft) wide. Conducted by the United States on July 16, 1945, at a location 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, on what is now White Sands Missile Range, Trinity was the first test of technology for a nuclear weapon.
- Image 9Photo credit: Völkischer BeobachterA crying Sudeten woman salutes Adolf Hitler as German forces sweep into Czechoslovakia, October 1938. Originally published in the Völkischer Beobachter, it supposedly showed the intense emotions of joy which swept the populace as Hitler drove through the streets of Cheb, 99% of whose inhabitants were ardently pro-Nazi Sudeten Germans at the time. In contrast, when the photo was published in the U.S., it was captioned, "The tragedy of this Sudeten woman, unable to conceal her misery as she dutifully salutes the triumphant Hitler, is the tragedy of the silent millions who have been 'won over' to Hitlerism by the 'everlasting use' of ruthless force." It is unknown what the true circumstances surrounding the photo are.
- Image 10The "Theatre" at PetraPhoto: Douglas PerkinsPetra is an archaeological site in Jordan, lying in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Wadi Araba, the great valley running from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. It is famous for having many stone structures carved into the rock.
- Image 11Photo credit: H. D. ChadwickThe Mission District of San Francisco, California, burning in the aftermath of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. As damaging as the earthquake and its aftershocks were, the fires that burned out of control afterward were much more destructive.
- Image 12Photo credit: USHMMJews captured by SS and SD troops during the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising are forced to leave their shelter and march to the Umschlagplatz for deportation. The SD trooper pictured second from the right, is Josef Blösche, who was identified by Polish authorities using this photograph. Blösche was tried for war crimes in Erfurt, East Germany in 1969, sentenced to death and executed in July of that year.
- Image 13Illustration credit: M. Jackson, Illustrated London NewsThe traditional clothing of the Māori can be seen in this engraving of a meeting between Māori and settlers in Hawke's Bay Province during the Invasion of Waikato in 1863. Muka, the fibre of New Zealand flax, was the basis of most clothing.
- Image 14De Magere Compagnie (completed 1637), which depicts a company of schutterij, a voluntary city guard or citizen militia in the medieval and early modern Netherlands. Frans Hals was commissioned to create this, but he was unable to complete it after three years, and the company hired Pieter Codde to finish it. Group portraits such as this of schutterij were known as schuttersstuk, and were popular among the guards themselves.
- Image 15Illustration: Edward Linley SambourneThe Rhodes Colossus is an iconic editorial cartoon of the Scramble for Africa period, depicting British colonialist Cecil John Rhodes as a giant standing over the continent, after his announcement of plans to extend an electrical telegraph line from Cape Town to Cairo. Rhodes is shown in a visual pun as the ancient Greek statue the Colossus of Rhodes, with his right foot in Cape Town and his left in Cairo, illustrating his broader "Cape to Cairo" concept for British domination of Africa.
- Image 16Check used for the Alaska PurchaseCheck: William H. Seward; scan: Our Documents initiativeThe check used for the Alaska Purchase, issued on August 1, 1868, and signed by US Secretary of State William H. Seward. For a total of $7.2 million, the United States government purchased Russian America from the Russian Empire (represented here by Russian Minister to the United States Eduard de Stoeckl). The lands involved became the modern state of Alaska in 1959.
- Image 17Photograph credit: Ronald TorfsYellow badges are badges that Jews were ordered to wear in public during periods of the Middle Ages by the ruling Christians and Muslims, and in Nazi Germany in the 1940s. The badges served to mark the wearer as a religious or ethnic outsider, and often served as a badge of shame. The badge pictured is in the collection of the Kazerne Dossin Memorial, Museum and Documentation Centre in Mechelen, Belgium.
- Image 18Credit: anonymousA 1793 etching with watercolor of Jean-Paul Marat, a radical journalist and politician from the French Revolution, carried on shoulders with a crown of laurel leaves, celebrating his acquittal by the Revolutionary Tribunal. From January to May 1793, Marat fought bitterly with the Girondins, whom he believed to be covert enemies of republicanism. The National Convention ordered the trial, but his acquittal only served to increase his public profile and popular support.
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Sabías(generado automáticamente)
- ... que a pesar de su distinguida historia familiar, el musicólogo Yuri Shcherbinin dijo a sus amigos que "lo que más importa es lo que eres, no quiénes fueron tus antepasados"?
- ... que 104 mineros murieron en el desastre minero de Vaal Reefs en 1995 cuando una locomotora cayó sobre un ascensor, convirtiéndose en el desastre de ascensor más mortal de la historia?
- ... que a la edad de 28 años, Mason Morelli se convirtió en el primer jugador en la historia de la franquicia Vegas Golden Knights en registrar dos puntos en su juego de debut en la Liga Nacional de Hockey ?
- ... ¿que Reconstructing Womanhood de Hazel Carby , sobre la historia de las escritoras negras estadounidenses, se consideró un "estudio histórico" y "pionero"?
- ... que la Voyager 2 ha estado transmitiendo datos durante más de 46 años, lo que la convierte en la sonda espacial activa más antigua de la historia?
- ... que a lo largo de la historia de la educación en Gales , las escuelas se han celebrado en asentamientos monásticos , catedrales, casas residenciales, mercados, graneros, iglesias y salones de aldea?
Este es un artículo destacado , que representa algunos de los mejores contenidos de Wikipedia en inglés.
John Linton Treloar , OBE (10 de diciembre de 1894 - 28 de enero de 1952), comúnmente conocido durante su vida como JL Treloar , fue un archivista australiano y el segundo director del Memorial de Guerra Australiano (AWM). Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial sirvió en variospuestos de personal y más tarde dirigió la unidad de mantenimiento de registros de la Primera Fuerza Imperial Australiana (AIF). A partir de 1920, Treloar jugó un papel importante en el establecimiento del AWM como su director. Dirigió un departamento del Gobierno australiano durante los primeros años de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y pasó el resto de la guerra a cargo de la sección de historia del ejército australiano . Treloar regresó al AWM en 1946 y continuó como su director hasta su muerte.
La carrera de Treloar se centró en el ejército australiano y su historia. Antes de la Primera Guerra Mundial trabajó como empleado en el Departamento de Defensa y, después de ofrecerse como voluntario para la AIF en 1914, formó parte del personal del oficial del ejército australiano Brudenell White durante la mayor parte de los primeros años de la guerra. Fue nombrado comandante de la Sección de Registros de Guerra de Australia (AWRS) en 1917. En este puesto, mejoró los registros de la AIF y recopiló una gran cantidad de artefactos para su posterior exhibición en Australia. Treloar fue nombrado director de lo que finalmente se convirtió en el AWM en 1920, y fue una figura clave en el establecimiento del Memorial y la recaudación de fondos para su edificio permanente en Canberra . Dejó la AWM al estallar la Segunda Guerra Mundial para dirigir el Departamento de Información del Gobierno australiano , pero estuvo marginado durante gran parte de 1940. A principios de 1941 fue designado para dirigir la Sección de Historia e Información Militar del ejército australiano con responsabilidades similares a las que había tenido durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. Sin embargo, intentó intervenir en la gestión de la AWM durante su ausencia, para creciente frustración de su director en funciones. Treloar trabajó intensamente en todas sus funciones y sufrió períodos de mala salud como resultado. Después de la guerra, regresó al Memorial en 1946, pero su desempeño se deterioró con el tiempo, posiblemente debido al agotamiento. Murió en enero de 1952. ( Artículo completo... )
En este día
La estación del Ayuntamiento en el siglo XX
- 1904 – Se inauguró el primer segmento subterráneo del metro de la ciudad de Nueva York , que conecta el New York City Hall (estación en la foto) con Harlem .
- 1914 – Primera Guerra Mundial : El acorazado de la Royal Navy HMS Audacious fue hundido por una mina , pero su pérdida se mantuvo en secreto durante cuatro años.
- 1946 – En el estado indio de Bihar se iniciaron disturbios interreligiosos en los que turbas hindúes atacaron a familias musulmanas , lo que provocó entre 2.000 y 30.000 muertes.
- 1967 – El sacerdote católico estadounidense Philip Berrigan encabezó una protesta contra la guerra de Vietnam derramando sangre sobre los registros del Servicio Selectivo en Baltimore, Maryland .
- 1993 – El vuelo 744 de Widerøe sufrió un impacto contra el suelo mientras se aproximaba al aeropuerto de Namsos , Noruega, matando a dos miembros de la tripulación y cuatro pasajeros.
- Abulfeda ( fallecido en 1331)
- William Gillies ( nacido en 1868)
- Judy LaMarsh ( fallecida en 1980)
- Li Keqiang ( fallecido en 2023)
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Sólo la verdad perdurará, todo lo demás será barrido por la marea del tiempo. Debo seguir dando testimonio de la verdad, incluso si todos me abandonan. Puede que hoy mi voz sea una voz en el desierto, pero se oirá cuando todas las demás voces sean silenciadas, si es la voz de la Verdad.
— Gandhi , líder político y espiritual indio
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Más ¿Sabías qué...?
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- ... que la campaña antirreligiosa que culminó con el juicio-espectáculo estalinista a la Curia de Cracovia (en la foto) condujo al encarcelamiento de 123 sacerdotes católicos romanos polacos en tan sólo un año?
- ... que el general de brigada confederado Alfred E. Jackson fue indultado por el presidente Andrew Johnson debido a su bondad hacia la familia de Johnson durante la Guerra Civil ?
- ... que después de que el HMS Porcupine casi fuera dividido en dos por un torpedo, las mitades fueron apodadas HMS Pork y HMS Pine ?
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- ... que en la mitología mesopotámica , los Apkallu fueron enviados por el dios Enki , desde Dilmun para enseñar a los seres humanos varios aspectos de la civilización?
- ... que la teoría de la trayectoria histórica de Karl Marx intentó demostrar la insostenibilidad a largo plazo del capitalismo ?
- ... que en noviembre de 1921, la goleta Cymric chocó con un tranvía en Dublín ?
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