Streamline Moderne
Late type of the Art Deco architecture and design
Streamline Moderne
Top: San Francisco Maritime Museum (1937) Middle: New York Central Hudson locomotive (1939): Bottom: Blytheville Greyhound Bus Station, Arkansas (1937)
Years active1930s–1940s
LocationInternational

Streamline Moderne is an international style of Art Deco architecture and design that emerged in the 1930s. Inspired by aerodynamic design, it emphasized curving forms, long horizontal lines, and sometimes nautical elements. In industrial design, it was used in railroad locomotives, telephones, toasters, buses, appliances, and other devices to give the impression of sleekness and modernity.[1]

In France, it was called the style paquebot, or "ocean liner style", and was influenced by the design of the luxury ocean liner SS Normandie, launched in 1932.

Influences and origins

As the Great Depression of the 1930s progressed, Americans saw a new aspect of Art Deco, i.e., streamlining, a concept first conceived by industrial designers who stripped Art Deco design of its ornament in favor of the aerodynamic pure-line concept of motion and speed developed from scientific thinking. The cylindrical forms and long horizontal windowing in architecture may also have been influenced by constructivism, and by the New Objectivity artists, a movement connected to the German Werkbund. Examples of this style include the 1923 Mossehaus, the reconstruction of the corner of a Berlin office building in 1923 by Erich Mendelsohn and Richard Neutra. The Streamline Moderne was sometimes a reflection of austere economic times; sharp angles were replaced with simple, aerodynamic curves, and ornament was replaced with smooth concrete and glass.

The style was the first to incorporate electric light into architectural structure. In the first-class dining room of the SS Normandie, fitted out 1933–35, twelve tall pillars of Lalique glass, and 38 columns lit from within illuminated the room. The Strand Palace Hotel foyer (1930), preserved from demolition by the Victoria and Albert Museum during 1969, was one of the first uses of internally lit architectural glass, and coincidentally was the first Moderne interior preserved in a museum.

Architecture

Streamline Moderne appeared most often in buildings related to transportation and movement, such as bus and train stations, airport terminals, roadside cafes, and port buildings.[2] It had characteristics common with modern architecture, including a horizontal orientation, rounded corners, the use of glass brick walls or porthole windows, flat roofs, chrome-plated hardware, and horizontal grooves or lines in the walls. They were frequently white or in subdued pastel colors.

An example of this style is the Aquatic Park Bathhouse in the Aquatic Park Historic District, in San Francisco. Built beginning in 1936 by the Works Progress Administration, it features the distinctive horizontal lines, classic rounded corners railing and windows of the style, resembling the elements of ship. The interior preserves much of the original decoration and detail, including murals by artist and color theoretician Hilaire Hiler. The architects were William Mooser Jr. and William Mooser III. It is now the administrative center of Aquatic Park Historic District.

The Normandie Hotel in San Juan, Puerto Rico, which opened during 1942, is built in the stylized shape of the ocean liner SS Normandie, and displays the ship's original sign. The Sterling Streamliner Diners in New England were diners designed like streamlined trains.

Another example is Hollywood, California's Julian Medical Building, which has been described as a "landmark",[3] "an architectural masterpiece",[4] and "one of the crowning achievements of Streamline Moderne."[5] The building's distinctive features include a rounded Moderne corner, windswept tower, and pylon-separated horizontally-reinforced windows.[3][6]

Although Streamline Moderne houses are less common than streamline commercial buildings, residences do exist. The Lydecker House in Los Angeles, built by Howard Lydecker, is an example of Streamline Moderne design in residential architecture. In tract development, elements of the style were sometimes used as a variation in postwar row housing in San Francisco's Sunset District.

Paquebot style

In France, the style was called Paquebot, meaning ocean liner. The French version was inspired by the launch of the ocean liner Normandie in 1935, which featured an Art Deco dining room with columns of Lalique crystal. Buildings using variants of the style appeared in Belgium and in Paris, notably in a building at 3 boulevard Victor in the 15th arrondissement, by the architect Pierre Patout. He was one of the founders of the Art Deco style. He designed the entrance to the Pavilion of a Collector at the 1925 Exposition of Decorative Arts, the birthplace of the style. He was also the designer of the interiors of three ocean liners, the Ile-de-France (1926), the L'Atlantique (1930), and the Normandie (1935).[7] Patout's building on Avenue Victor lacked the curving lines of the American version of the style, but it had a narrow "bow" at one end, where the site was narrow, long balconies like the decks of a ship, and a row of projections like smokestacks on the roof. Another 1935 Paris apartment building at 1 Avenue Paul Doumer in the 16th arrondissement had a series of terraces modelled after the decks of an ocean liner.[8]

The Flagey Building was built on the Place Flagey in Ixelles (Brussels), Belgium, in 1938, in the paquebot style,[9] and has been nicknamed "Packet Boat"[10] or "paquebot".[11] It was designed by Joseph Diongre [fr], and selected as the winning design in an architectural competition[12] to create a building to house the former headquarters of the Belgian National Institute of Radio Broadcasting (INR/NIR).[13] The building was extensively renovated, and in 2002, it reopened as a cultural centre known as Le Flagey.[12][14]

  • Main dining room of the ocean liner S.S. Normandie by Pierre Patout (1935)
    Main dining room of the ocean liner S.S. Normandie by Pierre Patout (1935)
  • Paquebot building at 3 boulevard Victor, 15th arrondissement, Paris by Patout (1935)
    Paquebot building at 3 boulevard Victor, 15th arrondissement, Paris by Patout (1935)
  • Flagey Building (or Maison de la Radio), Ixelles (Brussels), Belgium (1938)
    Flagey Building (or Maison de la Radio), Ixelles (Brussels), Belgium (1938)

Automobiles

The defining event for streamline moderne design in the United States was the 1933–34 Chicago World's Fair, which introduced the style to the general public. The new automobiles adapted the smooth lines of ocean liners and airships, giving the impression of efficiency, dynamism, and speed. The grills and windshields tilted backwards, cars sat lower and wider, and they featured smooth curves and horizontal speed lines. Examples include the 1934 Chrysler Airflow and the 1934 Studebaker Land Cruiser. The cars also featured new materials, including bakelite plastic, formica, Vitrolight opaque glass, stainless steel, and enamel, which gave the appearance of newness and sleekness.[15]

Other later examples include the 1950 Nash Ambassador "Airflyte" sedan with its distinctive low fender lines, as well as Hudson's postwar cars, such as the Commodore,[16] that "were distinctive streamliners—ponderous, massive automobiles with a style all their own".[17]

Planes, boats and trains

Streamlining became a widespread design practice for aircraft, railroad locomotives, and ships.

Industrial design

Streamline style can be contrasted with functionalism, which was a leading design style in Europe at the same time. One reason for the simple designs in functionalism was to lower the production costs of the items, making them affordable to the large European working class.[18] Streamlining and functionalism represent two different schools in modernistic industrial design.

Other notable examples

Doctor's Building, Kyiv, Ukraine, 1928
Serralves House, Porto, Portugal, 1931–1944
Daily Express Building, Manchester, UK, 1939
Gdynia Maritime University, Poland, 1937
Club Moderne in Anaconda, Montana
Star Ferry Pier in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong
Former Star Ferry Pier in Central, Hong Kong, now demolished
Howard Crane's Earls Court Exhibition Centre (1937), West Brompton, London approach, now demolished
J. W. Knapp Company Building (1937), Lansing, Michigan
Hamilton Hydro-Electric System Building (1935), Hamilton, Ontario

In motion pictures

See also

References

  1. ^ "A true example of Streamline Moderne". Times of Malta. 6 September 2012. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016.
  2. ^ Bridge, Nicole. Architecture 101, Simon & Schuster, New York, (2015), page 203.
  3. ^ a b c d "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form - Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District". United States Department of the Interior - National Park Service. April 4, 1985.
  4. ^ "Julian Medical Building". socallandmarks.com. March 12, 2023.
  5. ^ Winter, Robert (2009). An Architectural Guidebook to Los Angeles. Gibbs Smith. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-4236-0893-6.
  6. ^ "Owl Drug/Julian Medical - Hollywood Historic Site". Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
  7. ^ Oudin, Bernard. Dictionnaire des Architectes, Sechiers, Paris, (1994), (in French), page 372.
  8. ^ Texier, Simon (2012), Paris Panorama of Architecture, Parigramme, p. 142, ISBN 9782840966678
  9. ^ "Le Flagey - Découvrez Bruxelles en musique". Bruxelles ma Belle (in French). 16 November 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  10. ^ "New course for packet boat". SVR-Architects. 14 July 2002. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  11. ^ "Februari 2017: Flagey architectuurwandeling en pianoconcert". Antwerpencultuurstad (in Dutch). 17 February 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  12. ^ a b "The Flagey Building". Flagey. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  13. ^ "Flagey". jazz.brussels. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  14. ^ "Flagey N.V." SVR-Architects. 17 October 2002. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  15. ^ McCourt, Mark, "When Art Deco is Really Streamline Moderne", Hemmings Daily, 29 May 2014
  16. ^ "1948 Hudson Models – Tech Pages Article". Auto History Preservation Society. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  17. ^ Reed, Robert C. (1975). The Streamline Era. San Marino, California: Golden West Books. ISBN 0-87095-053-3.
  18. ^ Nickelsen, Trine (15 June 2010). "Aluminium – en kulturhistorie" (in Norwegian). Apollon. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  19. ^ a b Bettsky, Aaron (15 July 1993). "A Hollywood Ending for Those Who Take This Elevator to the Top". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  20. ^ Bos, Sascha (16 July 2014). "Historic 1938 Building Could Complicate Massive WeHo Development". LA Weekly. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  21. ^ "Lankershim Arts Center". City of Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs. Retrieved September 18, 2024.

Bibliography

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