List of historical unrecognized states

These lists of historical unrecognized or partially recognized states or governments give an overview of extinct geopolitical entities that wished to be recognized as sovereign states, but did not enjoy worldwide diplomatic recognition. The entries listed here had de facto control over their claimed territory and were self-governing with a desire for full independence; or if they lacked such control over their territory, they were recognized by at least one other recognized nation.

Criteria for inclusion

The criteria for inclusion in this list are similar to those of the list of states with limited recognition. To be included here, a polity must have claimed sovereignty, has not had recognition by at least one widely accepted state for a significant portion of its de facto existence, and either:

had a population and an organized government with a capacity to enter into relations with other states; or
had de facto control over a territory or a significant portion of the territory of an otherwise-recognized sovereign state

Africa

The total number of countries in the African continent varies due to the instability throughout the region. See the List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa article for a current list.

Great instability was created by graft under leaders in West Africa.^[1]

Many leaders marginalised ethnic groups and fanned ethnic conflicts (some of which had been exacerbated, or even created, by colonial rule) for political gain. In many countries, the military was perceived as being the only group that could effectively maintain order, and it ruled many nations in Africa during the 1970s and early 1980s. During the period from the early 1960s to the late 1980s, Africa had more than 70 coups and 13 presidential assassinations. Border and territorial disputes were also common, with the European-imposed borders of many nations being widely contested through armed conflicts.

A variety of other causes have been blamed for Africa's political instability, including Cold War conflicts between the United States and the Soviet Union, over-reliance on foreign aid,^[2] as well as the policies of the International Monetary Fund.^[3] When a country became independent for the first time, it would often align itself with one of the two superpowers in order to get support. Many countries in Northern Africa received Soviet military aid, while many in Central and Southern Africa were supported by the United States, France or both. The 1970s saw an escalation, as newly independent Angola and Mozambique aligned themselves with the Soviet Union, and the West and South Africa sought to contain Soviet influence by funding insurgency movements. There was a major famine in Ethiopia, when hundreds of thousands of people starved. Some claimed that Marxist/Soviet policies made the situation worse. The most devastating military conflict in modern independent Africa has been the Second Congo War; this conflict and its aftermath have killed an estimated 5.5 million people.^[4] Since 2003 there has been an ongoing conflict in Darfur which has become a humanitarian disaster. Another notable tragic event is the 1994 Rwandan Genocide in which an estimated 800,000 people were murdered. AIDS in post-colonial Africa has also been a prevalent issue.

In the 21st century, however, the number of armed conflicts in Africa has steadily declined.^[a] For instance, the civil war in Angola came to an end in 2002 after nearly 30 years. The improved stability and economic reforms have led to a great increase in foreign investment into many African nations, mainly from China,^[6] which has spurred quick economic growth in many countries, seemingly ending decades of stagnation and decline. Several African economies were among the world's fastest growing as of 2011 and that growth continues through 2019.^[7]

18th and 19th centuries

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Shilluk Kingdom	15th century–1861	now part of South Sudan and Sudan	located along the left bank of the White Nile in what is now South Sudan and southern Sudan. Its capital and royal residence were in the town of Fashoda. According to Shilluk folk history and neighboring accounts, the kingdom was founded by Nyikang, who probably lived in the second half of the 15th century. A Nilotic people, the Shilluk managed to establish a centralized kingdom that reached its apogee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the decline of the northern Funj Sultanate. In the 19th century, the Shilluk were affected by military assaults from the Ottoman Empire, resulting in the destruction of the kingdom in the early 1860s. The Shilluk king is currently not an independent political leader, but a traditional chieftain within the governments of South Sudan and Sudan. The current Shilluk king is Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet who ascended to the throne in 1993.^[8]
Ndwandwe	1780–1825	Now part of South Africa	The Ndwandwe, with the Mthethwa, were a significant power in present-day Zululand at the turn of the nineteenth century. Under the leadership of King Zwide, the Ndwandwe nation destroyed the Mthethwa under their king Dingiswayo, and the power vacuum was filled by Shaka Zulu and the Zulu tribe. In a common front against the Ndwandwe, Shaka collected the remains of the Mthethwa and other regional tribes, and survived the first encounter of the Zulu Civil War with Zwide at the Battle of Gqokli Hill in 1818. In 1819, Zwide made another expedition against the Zulus, but Shaka again changed his tactics, letting the Ndwandwe army penetrate his territory and responding with guerrilla warfare. Shortage of supplies caused the Ndandwe to return home, but when they were crossing the river Mhlatuze in early 1820, their forces were split and defeated at the Battle of Mhlatuze River.
Mthethwa Paramountcy	1780–1817		a Southern African state that arose in the 18th century south of Delagoa Bay and inland in eastern southern Africa.
Republic of Swellendam	1795		A republic declared in revolt against the Dutch East India Company; it lasted 3 months before being re-incorporated into the Cape Colony.
Graaff-Reinet	1795		Formed in rebellion to Dutch East India Company; it took 2 years to be incorporated into the Cape Colony, though this time under British rule.
Islands of Refreshment (Tristan da Cunha)	1811–1816	Now a British Overseas Territory	Declared by American whaler Jonathan Lambert and four others, who were the first permanent inhabitants of the modern day Tristan da Cunha islands in the South Atlantic. Lambert declared himself the sovereign of the islands. Annexed in 1816 by the Cape Colony under the United Kingdom to prevent France from obtaining the islands.
Griqualand West	1813	Now part of South Africa	Enjoyed de facto independence since the founding of Griquatown in 1813, Griqualand West eventually proclaimed itself a British colony in 1873. It did not gain recognition by Britain nor the neighboring Cape Colony and was annexed in 1880.
Potchefstroom Republic	1830		A republic that existed only for a couple of months before joining with Winburg Republic. It was effectively a city-state.
Winburg Republic	1836		Established on land on the Vet and Vaal Rivers donated to the Voortrekkers by Bataung Chief Makwana in 1836 in exchange for protection from neighboring Basotho tribes. Joined in union with the newly established Potchefstroom Republic in 1838 to form the Republic of Winburg-Potchefstroom.
Republic of Winburg-Potchefstroom	1838		Formed from the union of the Potchefstroom Republic and the Winburg Republic in 1838; the nation lasted until Potchefstroom left the union to join with Pietermaritzburg.
Natalia Republic	1839		Established in 1839 by local Afrikaans-speaking Voortrekkers after the Battle of Blood River. This Boer Republic lasted for four years before being annexed by British troops under George Napier.
Andries-Ohringstad Republic	1845		A fort was established by a group of Voortrekkers under the leadership of Andries Hendrik Potgieter with the help of a Dutch merchant Gregorius Ohrig. The settlers arrived in 1845 and were decimated by malaria. Forced to abandon the area, the republic was officially abandoned in 1849.
Mississippi-in-Africa	1837-1842	Now part of Liberia
Liberia	1847–1862	Now recognized	A collection of African American settlements in West Africa, sponsored by the American Colonization Society. The purpose of Liberia was to repatriate freed slaves back to Africa from the United States. The US government refused to recognize Liberia's independence until 1862, during the American Civil War.
Republic of Maryland	1854–1857	Now part of Liberia	An African American settlement in West Africa, whose independence was unrecognized by the United States. It joined the also unrecognized Liberia in 1857 in reaction to a native insurgency.
Utrecht Republic	1854	Now part of South Africa	A republic proclaimed by Andreas Theodorus Spies following a land purchase from the King of the Zulu, Mpande. It joined with the Lydenburg Republic in 1858.
Lydenburg Republic	1856		A Boer republic which was created following the dissolution of the Andries-Ohringstad Republic. Eventually this nation expanded with the inclusion of the Utrecht Republic in 1858. The republic lasted until 1860 when it was incorporated into the South African Republic
Zoutpansberg Republic	1857		A small Boer Republic that joined with the South African Republic in 1864. The white settlers in Zoutpansberg had for many years a reputation for lawlessness, and were later regarded as typical "back velt Boers". Zoutpansberg contained a larger native population than any other region of the Transvaal.
Sultanate of Utetera	1860–1887	Now part of Democratic Republic of Congo	Founded by infamous slave trader Tippu Tip
Griqualand West	1861	Now part of South Africa	Founded by Adam Kok III as a final resting place^{[clarification needed]} for Griqua people. The State suffered from a secret deal signed between the British Empire and Orange Free State causing unceasing instability. Although the reasons for its annexation are still debated, it was eventually integrated with the Cape Colony in 1880.
Klipdrift Republic	1870		A Republic proclaimed during a dispute over diamond mines near what would become Griqualand West.
Republic of Stellaland	1882		a Boer republic located in an area of British Bechuanaland (now in South Africa's North West Province), west of the Transvaal. After unification with the neighbouring State of Goshen, it became the United States of Stellaland
Free Republic of Rehoboth	1872–1990	Now part of Namibia	The Baster are a community of mixed race descent, who left the British-ruled Cape Colony in 1868 and settled in a territory on a high plateau between the Namib and Kalahari deserts in what is now central Namibia, where they founded the Free Republic of Rehoboth (Rehoboth Gebiet), in 1872. They adopted a constitution known in Afrikaans as the Vaderlike Wette (Paternal Laws), which still continues to govern the internal affairs of the Baster community into the 21st century. Since the independence of Namibia, in 1990, the new state confiscated all of their territory without compensation.
Goshen	1882	Now part of South Africa	a short-lived Boer republic in southern Africa founded by Boers expanding west from Transvaal who opposed British advance in the region. Located in Tswana territory west of the Transvaal, Goshen existed as an independent nation for a short period; from 1882 to 1883 as the State of Goshen and, after unification with neighbouring Stellaland, as the United States of Stellaland
United States of Stellaland	1883		A Boer republic which created from the union of neighboring Republic of Stellaland and State of Goshen. The republic lasted until it became a protectorate of the South African Republic on 10 September 1884 only to be annexed 6 days later.
Nieuwe Republiek	1884–1888		Created on 16 August 1884 with land donated by the Zulus through a treaty. The territory was part of the old Boer Republic of Natalia. The republic enjoyed independence until it was annexed by the South African Republic by its own request.
Colinsland	1884–1885	Now part of Guinea	Disputed German colony in modern-day Guinea. The colony was initiated by the German merchant Frederick Colin, with limited support from the German government. Conceded to France (which had already claimed the area) in exchange for minor territories in other parts of Africa, and respect for Colin's commercial rights in the territory.
Republic of Lijdensrust	1884–1887	Now part of Namibia	short-lived Boer republic in the area of present-day Namibia. Declared on 20 October 1885, it was originally named Upingtonia, but changed its name soon after as the reason for its original name proved worthless. In 1887, it was merged into German South-West Africa.
Mahdist State	1885–1899	Now part of Sudan	Islamic state established during the Mahdist War by rebels. The rebellion failed and the state was dissolved.
Klein Vrystaat	1886	Now part of South Africa	A Boer republic which declared its independence from lands formerly controlled by the Swazi king Mswati II. It was eventually incorporated into the South African Republic in 1891 at its own request.
Dervish State	1895–1920	Now part of Somalia, Somaliland and Ethiopia	A state in Ciid-Nugaal wherein Diiriye Guure was king and his emir Mohammed Abdullah Hassan launched an armed resistance against colonial powers (specifically the United Kingdom, Italy, and Ethiopia) in Somalia. It was eventually defeated in 1920 by the British and Italians.

20th and 21st centuries

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Empire of the Sahara	1903–1908?	Now part of Morocco	A self-proclaimed monarchy declared by wealthy Frenchman Jacques Lebaudy, who wished to establish an imperial territory in Cape Juby. Lebaudy was backed by as many as 400 mercenaries and sixteen cannons. Lebaudy later relocated his court to the Savoy Hotel in London. His claim was recognized by no nation.
Zaian confederation	1914–1921	Now part of Morocco	A confederation of Berber tribesmen in the interior of Morocco, which resisted French conquest in the Middle Atlas mountains for several years. The confederacy was supported by the Central Powers following the outbreak of the First World War, and was only subdued after the Treaty of Versailles.
South African Republic	1914–1915	Now part of South Africa	A provisional government set up in the Maritz Rebellion of the First World War. It was an attempt by Boer troops to revive the South African Republic, which had been annexed into the British Empire twelve years prior at the conclusion of the Second Boer War. The mutiny was put down in under six months by the South African government.
Sultanate of Darfur	1915–1916	Now part of Sudan	A protectorate of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The Sultan, Ali Dinar, renounced his allegiance to the British Empire in support of the Ottoman Empire, after their entry into the First World War against Britain. The rebellion was put down in the 1916 Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition.
Senussiyya	1915–1917, 1923–1932, 1939–1951	Now part of Libya and Niger	An Arab religious order that controlled much of Libya and northern Niger throughout the early 20th century. Fought against French colonial expansion in Niger during the Kaocen revolt. Fought against Italian colonization in three stages: the Senussi campaign of the First World War, with support from the Central Powers, especially the Ottoman Empire which previously ruled the area; the Second Italo-Senussi War, also known as the Pacification of Libya, in which brutal war crimes took place; and the North African campaign of the Second World War, specifically the Western Desert campaign.
Tripolitanian Republic	1918–1923	Now part of Libya	A republic proclaimed following the Paris Peace Conference; it disintegrated sometime in 1923 and was annexed into Italian Tripolitania.
Republic of the Rif	1921–1926	Now part of Morocco	An independent Berber republic declared following a rebellion against Spanish rule within the Rif region of northern Morocco. The republic was made up of a confederation of many Berber tribes. Defeated by Spain, with French military assistance, in the protracted Rif War.
Macha Oromo Confederation	1936	Now part of Ethiopia	Rump Oromo state in western Ethiopia that was proclaimed following Italian victory in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. Requested to be accepted as a British mandate territory to avoid annexation into the Italian Empire, but was recognized by no country and was occupied by the Italian army within the year.
Ethiopian Empire	1937–1941	Now part of Ethiopia	Occupied by Italy in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. Despite lobbying by Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie from exile, only six nations did not recognize Italy's control over Ethiopia by 1937 (China, New Zealand, the Soviet Union, the Republic of Spain, Mexico, and the United States). During the East African campaign of the Second World War, the Allies recognized Selassie and restored Ethiopia's full independence.
Sultanate of M'Simbati	1959	Now part of Tanzania	Latham Leslie-Moore, a retired civil servant, declared the secession of the "Sultanate of M'Simbati" from the then colony of Tanganyika. The "secession" was suppressed in 1962 by Tanzanian government troops.
Kingdom of Sanwi	1959–1970	Now part of Ivory Coast	Following self-government in the Ivory Coast, the traditional kingdom of Sanwi attempted secession from the republic several times during the early decades of decolonization. In 1960, the king of Sanwi even formed an unrecognized government-in-exile in Ghana.^[9] The movement was combated by President Félix Houphouët-Boigny, partially with the aid of the French Armed Forces.
State of Katanga	1960–1963	Now part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo	Declared secession during the Congo Crisis. Controlled the state of the same name within the former Belgian Congo after decolonisation. Although not recognised by any other country, Katanga received considerable financial, military and political support from Belgium, the Central African Federation, and Portugal. Lobbyists on behalf of Katanga also unsuccessfully attempted to bribe the government of Costa Rica in return for diplomatic recognition.^[10]
Kingdom of Rwenzururu	1962–1982	Now part of Uganda	A secessionist movement that began just before decolonisation in Uganda and continued for twenty years. Within colonial Uganda, several kingdoms were allowed to continue their existence as subnational entities with some autonomy. The people of the Rwenzururu region demanded separation from the Tooro Kingdom as their own monarchy, but were denied by the colonial government. The Rwenzururu kingdom declared its independence three months before Uganda's independence. After two decades of conflict, Rwenzururu became an autonomous kingdom within Uganda.
Kel Ahaggar	1962–1977	Now part of Algeria	A Tuareg confederation inhabiting the Hoggar Mountains (Ahaggar mountains) in Algeria. The confederation is believed to have been founded by the Tuareg matriarch Tin Hinan, whose monumental tomb is located at Abalessa. The official establishment is dated to around 1750. It has been largely defunct since 1977, when it was terminated by the Algerian government.
People's Republic of Zanzibar	1964	Now part of Tanzania	Following the 17 January 1964 coup which deposed the Sultan of Zanzibar, the revolutionary group purporting to represent the island's black majority proclaimed a People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba. It immediately made an offer of union with the government of Tanganyika.
Rhodesia	1965–1979	Now Zimbabwe	Unilateral Declaration of Independence in November 1965. It did not receive official recognition from any state. It had a trading relationship with apartheid South Africa, which did not formally recognise Rhodesia to preserve its fragile position with other nations and did not apply UN sanctions against the republic. Portugal also maintained informal relations until the Carnation Revolution of 1974. State received full international recognition after signing the Lancaster House Agreement in 1979 and became, on 18 April 1980, the independent Republic of Zimbabwe.
Marxist State of South Kivu	1967–1988	Now Democratic Republic of the Congo
Zimbabwe Rhodesia	1979	Now Zimbabwe	See Rhodesia
Kingdom of Karagwe	1450-1963	Now Tanzania
Biafra	1967–1970	Now part of Nigeria	Majority Igbo state which seceded from post-independence Nigeria due to ethnic divisions, beginning the Nigerian Civil War. Controlled territory in eastern Nigeria, recognized by five states (Gabon, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, Zambia).
Republic of Benin	1967	Now part of Nigeria	Occupied by Biafra in August, later given independence in September as a puppet state. Retaken by the Nigerian army one day after the declaration of independence.
South Sudan Provisional Government	1967–1969	Now part of South Sudan	An African insurgency formed mostly from the Anyanya movement during the First Sudanese Civil War, in rebellion against the predominantly Muslim, Arabic-speaking Sudanese government. The separatist movement was rife with political wrangling and ethnic tensions within its own ranks. The SSPG collapsed in 1969 and was reformed into the Nile Provisional Government.
Nile Provisional Government (Nile Republic)	1969–1970	Now part of South Sudan	Formed out of the SSPG as an attempt to rebrand the nation from South Sudan to the Nile Republic. Collapsed after one year due to a coup. Following this, most of the separatists agreed to the 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement, in which most of Anyanya agreed to recognize the Sudanese government in return for autonomy, ending the First Sudanese Civil War.
Republic of Martyazo	1972	Now part of Burundi	A state declared by Hutu separatists inside the mountainous Vuzigo commune, between the Makamba and Lake Nyanza; lasted for little over a week.
Cabinda	1975	Now part of Angola	Cabinda was a Portuguese protectorate known as the Portuguese Congo. During the Portuguese Colonial War period, the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) fought for the independence of Cabinda from the Portuguese. The independence was proclaimed on 1 August 1975. After the Angolan independence came in effect in November 1975, Cabinda was invaded by forces of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) with support of troops from Cuba.
Sultanate of Aussa	1975–1991	Now part of Ethiopia	Subnational monarchy in Ethiopia that represented the Afar people. When the Derg regime took power over Ethiopia in 1975, Sultan Alimirah Hanfare was exiled, partially resulting in the creation of the Afar Liberation Front which fought against the communist junta. The Sultan returned to Ethiopia in 1991 after the fall of the Derg.
Ciskei	1972–1994	Now part of South Africa	Former apartheid Bantustan homelands, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa.
Transkei	1976–1994
Venda	1979–1994
Bophuthatswana	1977–1994
Casamance	1982–2014	Now part of Senegal	A mostly defunct independence movement fought in the Casamance conflict, centered in the Casamance region of southern Senegal. The conflict largely stemmed from an ethnic divide between the more prosperous Wolof people of northern Senegal, who make up a plurality of the nation's overall population, and the less prosperous ethnicities of southern Senegal (primarily the Jola). The conflict lasted for over thirty years, with varying levels and stages of violence. In 2014, most separatist factions agreed to a ceasefire with the Senegalese government.
Islamic Republic of Imbaba	1989–1992	Now part of Egypt	^[11]^: 33
Mohéli	1997–1998	Now part of Comoros	Seceded in 1997 but quietly rejoined the next year.
Anjouan	1997, 2008	Now part of Comoros	Joined with Comoros, then seceded twice to gain independence. Anjouan rejoined Comoros after talks during the first secession. After the second event, the secessionist government was forcefully removed.
Caprivi	1999	Now part of Namibia	Secessionist movement that waged an insurrection in 1999 for control of the Caprivi Strip.
Jubaland	1998–2001	Now part of Somalia	Declared independent during the Somali Civil War. Led by General Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan, the former Somali minister of defense and son-in-law of Siad Barre, the previous military dictator of Somalia. Morgan was ousted by the Allied Somali Forces the next year, which allied with the Transitional Federal Government in 2001.^[12]
Puntland	1998–2004		Declared its own autonomy during the Somali Civil War. It did not seek outright independence, but rather recognition of its status as an autonomous state.^[13] Reconciled with the government of Somalia with the signing of the Transitional Federal Charter in 2004. Puntland temporarily operates as a functionally independent state from Somalia in 2024.
Maakhir	2007–2009		Short-lived territory on the border between the Puntland state of Somalia, and Somaliland, and was proclaimed as a state independent of both. Quickly subsumed into Puntland.
Republic of Azania	2011–2013		Republic which claimed sovereignty over the Somali state of Jubaland. Following the capture of most of Jubaland by the Islamic militant group al-Shaabab, Kenya launched a counteroffensive and aided in setting up the republic from the former Jubaland administration. The action was condemned by Somalia. Azania reformed back into the Jubaland State of Somalia in 2013.
Democratic Republic of Bakassi	2006–2009	Now part of Cameroon	Small secessionist movement led by the Bakassi Movement for Self-Determination (BAMOSD). The movement began during the transfer of the disputed Bakassi territory from Nigeria to Cameroon, with local leaders who were against the transfer declaring independence. By 2009, Cameroon had assumed complete control over Bakassi.
Republic of Toumoujagha	2007	Now part of Mali and Niger	In 2007, a group allegedly consisting of Tuareg rebels proclaimed the independence of a republic made up of the Tuareg regions of Mali and Niger over the internet.^[14] Occurred during the 2007–2009 Tuareg rebellion.
State of Azawad	2012–2013	Now part of Mali	Self-declared during the 2012 Tuareg rebellion and controlled most of Northern Mali. It was unrecognized by any state. Revoked its declaration in return for a peace deal after most of its territory was taken over by jihadist groups.
Khatumo State	2012–2017	Now part of Somaliland	First incarnation; Declared an autonomous state in 2012. Ceased to function by 2015, and was reincorporated into Somaliland by 2017. Re-established in 2023.
Logone	2015–2021	Now an insurgency in the Central African Republic	Also known as Dar al-Kuti (French: Dar el-Kouti), was a partially-realized, self-declared autonomous region and proto-state internationally recognised as part of the Central African Republic. It was formed by the Muslim rebel movement Popular Front for the Rebirth of Central African Republic (FPRC) with support of other armed groups on 14 December 2015. On 10 April 2021 Kaga-Bandoro was recaptured by government forces.

Americas

17th to 19th centuries

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Theocratic Republic of Guairá	1627–1632	Now part of Brazil	Jesuit missions in western of Paraná
Republic of Long Island	1664–1665	Now Part of United States	^[15]
Republic of Pirates	1706–1718	Now part of the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands	Loose confederacy ran by various pirate ship crews according to an informal pirate code. It was set up following the collapse of English authority in much of the Bahamas. English rule was restored by 1718 with the Acts of Grace.
United States	1776–1783 (Internationally recognized in 1783)	Now recognized	Thirteen British colonies declared themselves independent in 1776 during the American Revolution and united to form the United States of America, which was recognized following the Treaty of Paris of 1783.
Watauga Association	1772–1778	Now part of the United States	Annexed into the State of North Carolina.
Vermont Republic	1777–1791		Admitted to the Union as the State of Vermont, after a compromise ended its jurisdictional disputes with New York.
Northwestern Confederacy	1783–1795		Native American confederacy in the Great Lakes region. It was formed at the end of the American Revolutionary War with the goal of resisting the westward expansion of the United States. The U.S. claimed all the territory of the confederacy with the Northwest Ordinance. The alliance fell apart after the Northwest Indian War.
State of Franklin	1784–1788		Began operating as a de facto independent republic after the failed statehood attempt
Trans-Oconee Republic	1794–1794		A short-lived, independent state west of the Oconee River (in the state of Georgia). Established by General Elijah Clarke in May 1794, it was an attempt to head off the new Federal government's ceding of lands claimed by Georgia back to the Creek. In September 1794, state and federal troops forced Clarke and his followers to surrender and leave the settlements. .
State of Muskogee	1799–1802		A Native American state in Spanish Florida; consisted of several tribes of Creeks and Seminoles. Disappeared when the Spaniards captured its founder, William Augustus Bowles and removed him to a prison in Cuba.
Tecumseh's confederacy	1808–1813		Native American confederacy formed around the leadership of Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, who resisted American claims to the Northwest territory of the Great Lakes. The alliance fell apart during the War of 1812, after Tecumseh's death in 1813.
Republic of South Haiti	1810	Now part of Haiti	Haiti declared its independence in 1804 under Jean Jacques Dessalines. That same year, Dessalines declared himself Emperor. After his assassination in 1806, Haiti was divided between the Republic of Haiti in the south and the Kingdom of Haiti, under Henry Christophe, in the north. The situation was further complicated by the secession of South Haiti in the southwest corner of the country under André Rigaud in 1810. His own republic contained the former Maroon enclave of La Grande Anse under Goman, who was allied with King Henry. A few months after Rigaud seized power, he died, and South Haiti rejoined the Republic. In 1820, Henry Christophe committed suicide. Haiti was reunited soon afterwards.
Republic of West Florida	1810	Now part of the United States	Republic formed out of an Anglo-American rebellion in Spanish West Florida. Consisted of the part of Louisiana now known as the Florida Parishes. None of these Florida Parishes were in what today is the state of Florida. Against the wishes of most of its leaders, the republic was forced to acquiesce to American authority, and later annexed.
First Republic of Venezuela	1811–1812	Now Venezuela
Republic of East Florida	1812	Now part of the United States	Republic declared by mostly American insurgents against Spanish rule in East Florida, with the goal of annexation into the United States. The republic had the support of President James Monroe. A day after declaring independence, the insurgents surrendered their territory to the American army. The American government later disavowed their support of the insurgents and returned all captured land.
Second Republic of Venezuela	1813–1814	Now part of Venezuela and Guyana
Republic of the Floridas	1817	Now part of the United States	Republic proclaimed by Gregor MacGregor, Scottish soldier and adventurer, after capturing Amelia Island in East Florida. The republic claimed all of West and East Florida, but in reality Amelia Island was the only territory it held. Following the failure of the Spanish to retake the island, it was occupied by the United States navy. The Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, effective 1821, transferred West and East Florida to the United States.
Pernambuco	1817	Now part of Brazil	The Pernambucan revolt of 1817 occurred in the province of Pernambuco in the Northeastern region of Brazil, and was sparked mainly by the decline of sugar production rates and the influence of the Freemasonry in the region. Other important reasons for the revolt was to establish an independent state.
Third Republic of Venezuela	1817–1819	Now part of Venezuela and Guyana
Republic of Texas	1819	Now part of Mexico	An 1819 attempt to take control of Spanish Texas by filibusters. It was led by James Long and successfully established a small independent government, known as the Republic of Texas (distinct from the later Republic of Texas created by the Texas Revolution). The expedition crumbled later in the year, as Spanish troops drove the invaders out. Long returned to Texas in 1820 and attempted to reestablish his control. In October 1821, Long was defeated by Spanish troops, captured and sent to Mexico City where he was killed by a guard.
Republic of Tucumán	1820	Now part of Argentina	Now part of Argentine provinces of Catamarca, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán.
Republic of Entre Ríos	1820–1821	Now part of Argentina	Today the Argentine provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes.
Free Province of Guayaquil	1820–1822	Now part of Ecuador
Protectorate of Peru	1821–1822	Now part of Chile and Peru	Had claims outside of Chile and Peru
Confederation of the Equator	1824	Now part of Brazil	Another attempted independence from Pernambuco, in the Empire of Brazil.
Republic of Madawaska	1827–1842	Now divided between Canada and the United States	Within the provinces of New Brunswick, Quebec and the state of Maine.
Republic of Indian Stream	1832–1835	Now part of the United States	Annexed by the United States. Within the state of New Hampshire.
Cabano Government	1835–1840	Now part of Brazil
Riograndense Republic	1836–1845	Now part of Brazil	The state was proclaimed by the Farroupilha rebels during the Ragamuffin War in 1836. The rebellion eventually failed and republic was dissolved. It is currently the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul.
Republic of Texas	1836–1846	Now part of United States
Republic of South Peru, Republic of North Peru and Peru-Bolivian Confederation	1836–1839	Now part of Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Ecuador and Peru	The Peru-Bolivian Confederation (or Confederacy) was a confederate state that existed in South America between 1836 and 1839. Its first and only head of state, titled "Supreme Protector", was the Bolivian president, Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz. The confederation was a loose union between the states of Peru (by this time divided into a Republic of North Peru and a Republic of South Peru, which included the capital Tacna) and Bolivia.
Bahia Republic	1837–1838	Now part of Brazil	The Sabinada (1837–1838) was a revolt by military officer Francisco Sabino that occurred in Brazil's Bahia province between 6 November 1837 and 16 March 1838. Calling for the abolition of slavery and the redistribution of land, the rebel "Bahia Republic" fought against the government for one year until their capital of Salvador was conquered.
Republic of Canada	1837–1838	Now part of Canada	The self-proclaimed government was established on Navy Island in the Niagara River in the latter days of the Upper Canada Rebellion
Republic of Lower Canada	1837–1838	Now part of Canada	A government established on the aftermath of Rebellions of 1837 in Lower Canada.
Republic of Los Altos	1837–1840	Now part of Guatemala	The United Provinces of Central America were riven by strife for much of their existence. Guatemala’s ruling class was appalled by the thought of an illiterate and brutish peasant Governor Rafael Carrera, and led the six western provinces into secession. The new state of Los Altos, under Liberal leadership, appealed for recognition to the UPCA. In January 1840, Carrera reconquered Los Altos, and then defeated the UPCA's army in March, sounding the death knell for the United Provinces. Los Altos rebelled again when Carrera declared Guatemala an independent republic in 1847, but was again rapidly crushed.
Juliana Republic	1839	Now part of Brazil	Today's Santa Catarina.
Republic of the Río Grande	1840	Now part of the United States and Mexico	Consisted of part of southern Texas and the 3 Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas.
Estado del Istmo	1840–1841	Now part of Panama	A failed attempt to separate Panama from Colombia. It was recognized by Costa Rica.
Republic of Yucatán	1841–1843, 1846–1848	Now part of Mexico	A state from 1841 to 1848, it was proclaimed after the Mexican government tried to centralize and tried to join the US during the Mexican–American War; it was rejected and joined a federal Mexico after the war ended. A revolt in Yucatán in 1916, led by Felipe Cerillo but with active Mayan involvement, effectively separated the region from the weak Mexican state. On 3 April 1916 Carillo declared the independence of the Socialist Republic of Yucatan, but the Republic failed to garner much support, and was quickly overrun by Mexican forces.^[16]^[17]
Adelsverein	1842–1853	Now part of the United States	A colonial attempt to establish a new German settlement within the borders of Texas.
Chan Santa Cruz (Noh Cah Santa Cruz Balam Nah)	1847–1915	Part of Mexico	Chan Santa Cruz was a Mayan territory in the southeast of what is now the Mexican state of Quintana Roo (within the Republic of Yucatán at the time). The local Mayan people revolted in 1847 following the Republic of Yucatán's second secession from Mexico, driving nearly all whites from the Yucatán peninsula in what became known as the Caste War. After being defeated, some rebel Maya established a stratified religious community in the jungle known as Chan Santa Cruz, which remained a base of operations for rebel Cruzobs for the next fifty years. After decades of campaigning on both sides, the Cruzobs recognized the Mexican government in 1915, though some settlements continued anti-Mexican resistance until the 1930s and 40s.
California Republic	1846	Now part of the United States	Formed during an Anglo-American revolt in Mexican California during the Mexican–American War. This "state" never actually possessed a high level of organization, and was only in existence for a matter of weeks before the rebels deferred to the US government and American troops.
Beaver Island	1850–1856		Mormon theocracy led by James Strang, who was declared king of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and whose branch was in opposition to Brigham Young and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in considering itself to be the sole legitimate successor of the Church of Christ organized by Joseph Smith. This “Strangite” faction controlled Beaver Island of Michigan until Strang was murdered in 1856, whereupon the Strangites were expelled from the area by neighbouring islanders.
Great Republic of Rough and Ready	1850		A short-lived secessionist state from the United States to avoid mining taxes. It rejoined less than three months later.
State of Buenos Aires	1852–1861	Now part of Argentina
Republic of Baja California	1853–1854	Now part of Mexico	The filibuster William Walker took control of La Paz, the capital of the sparsely populated Baja California, and 200 more men joined him. Walker declared La Paz the capital of a new Republic of Baja California, with himself as president and a constitution copied from that of Louisiana. Although he never gained control of Sonora, less than three months later, he pronounced Baja California part of the larger Republic of Sonora.
Republic of Sonora	1854	Now part of Mexico	A lesser to William Walker's Republic of Baja California, it was a merger between that and Sonora.
Provisional Revolutionary Government of Cibao	1857–1861	Now part of Cibao within the Dominican Republic (Spanish occupation of the Dominican Republic 1861–65)	On July 7, 1857, a popular civic-military movement broke out in Santiago with the purpose of overthrowing the government of the conservative president Buenaventura Báez. Immediately his spokesmen announced the integration of a revolutionary provisional government based in Santiago de los Caballeros. The Cibaenians launched a manifesto and expressed that they did it to "shake off the yoke of Mr. Báez's government that they do not know from now and declare themselves governed (until a congress elected by direct vote, constitute new powers) by a provisional revolutionary government, with its seat in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros." General José Desiderio Valverde was chosen as president of the anti-Báez and Santana provisional government, and the lawyer Benigno Filomeno Rojas as vice president. Both counted on the support of the tobacco producers and the Cibaenian trade. Among its first measures was the organization of an armed movement to march to the city of Santo Domingo, in order to overthrow President Buenaventura Báez, who was prepared to resist. The troops of the provisional revolutionary government of the Cibao were commanded by General Juan Luis Franco Bidó. In a few days they surrounded the city of Santo Domingo, thus initiating a civil war. The hostilities lasted almost a year. The groups in conflict fought with all the means at their disposal to emerge victorious, increasing violence and destruction in the country. The triumph of the revolution was resounding, Báez renounced power and traveled to exile, but the project would be frustrated, since the liberal thinking of the Cibaenians would be overshadowed by the military figure of General Pedro Santana, who returned to the Presidency of the Republic in 1858 and ignored the liberal constitution of Moca. In this way, the revolution of July 7, 1857, ended and the liberal constitution of Moca was annulled. Santana returned to govern with the Constitution of 1854 that guaranteed an authoritarian government. The following day, July 8, 1857, the "Dominican Republic" awoke with two government administrations: the provisional revolutionary government of Cibao and the "government" of President Buenaventura Báez. On September 25, the provisional revolutionary Government of the Cibao summoned the country to elect the deputies as of December 7, 1857. At that time the women and men of greater intellectual capacity in the Cibao wished to produce a constitution that would allow an authentically democratic and representative government by the people. "The new constitution was drafted in Moca and proclaimed on February 19, 1858." That day, the Constituent Assembly meeting in Moca proclaimed the liberal constitution that repealed the conservative one of December 1854. Established public freedoms and abolished the death penalty for political reasons and enshrined as rights the freedom of expression, free transit and freedom of peaceful assembly. He did not re-elect the president in succession and absolute respect for civil liberties without restrictions, including freedom of expression. established that the capital of the so-called republic, outside the city of Santiago de los Caballeros. The constitution of Moca consecrated free transit and freedom of peaceful assembly. That the government would be civil, republican, popular, representative, elective and responsible, and every citizen with the right to vote could do it directly and secretly, instead of the indirect way as established by the previous constitutions. In addition, the governors of provinces could not be the commanders of arms as it was available until February 19, 1858. Under the constitution of Moca, the municipal power was restored and the Armed Forces were declared obedient to the civil power, without powers to deliberate and with the function of defending national sovereignty, public order, as well as observing and complying with the constitution and laws. It was established on a transitory basis that the next constitutional government was chosen by the members of the constituent assembly, which they did on March 1, 1858. The constituent assembly of Moca was integrated by the provisional government of Santiago, chaired by General José Desiderio Valverde, who convened on September 25, 1857, to elect deputies from December 7, 1857. For the assembly, the most enlightened women and men of the country were chosen, whose thought corresponded to the movement proclaimed by the revolution of July 7, 1857, to overthrow the government of Buenaventura Báez, which they described as a dictatorship.
United States of New Granada	1860–1861	Now part of Colombia	Cauca State seceded from Granadine Confederation, with Bolivar State following shortly after. They established the United States of New Granada (Magdalena, Santander and Tolima joined later), occupying Bogota and creating the United States of Colombia.
Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia	1860–1862	Now part of Argentina and Chile	Set up by a French adventurer who tried to gain legitimacy for his state, only to be denied. The self-proclaimed kingdom was mostly a legal fiction and did only loosely control a small portion of the territory it claimed. In fact the Mapuche warlords that submitted to it were totally autonomous, and used the kingdom only as pretext to obtain foreign support. It was conquered and partitioned by Chile and Argentina.
Palmetto Republic	1860–61	Now part of the United States	Secessionist state established on December 20, 1860, when South Carolina became the first state to secede from the United States. It lasted a month and a half before being a founding member of the Confederate States of America.
Republic of Mississippi	1861		Secessionist state established January 9, 1861 when Mississippi seceded from the United States. It only lasted a month before joining the Confederate States of America.
Republic of Florida			Secessionist state established January 10, 1861, when Florida seceded from the United States. Only lasted a month before being a founding member of the Confederate States of America.
Republic of Louisiana			Secessionist state formed on January 11, 1861, when Louisiana seceded from the United States. It only lasted two and a half weeks before joining the Confederate States of America on February 8, 1861.
Alabama Republic			Secessionist republic declared January 11, 1861 when Alabama seceded from the United States. It only lasted a month before being a founding member of the Confederate States of America.
Republic of Texas			Texas seceded from the United States on February 1, 1861, and lasted as an independent state for a month before joining the Confederate States of America. Not to be confused with the earlier (1836–1845), partially recognized Republic of Texas.
Confederate States of America	1861–1865		Originally formed by seven southern states that seceded from the United States, it consisted of South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Texas, and Louisiana. After the beginning of the American Civil War, the states of Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina seceded from the Union and joined the Confederacy. Reintegrated back into the United States throughout the Reconstruction Era.
Confederate government of Kentucky
Confederate government of Missouri
Confederate government of West Virginia
Republic of Manitobah	1867–1869	Now part of Canada	Within the province of Manitoba.
Republic of Puerto Rico	1868, 1898	Now part of the United States	State declared independence on 23 September 1868 during the Lares uprising against Spanish rule in Puerto Rico, following the repeated refusal of Spain to give the island autonomy. The uprising began in September in the town of Lares, where the rebels were defeated by November at the latest. The revolt succeeded in garnering limited political reforms. A group of anti-Spanish rebels also declared independence on 13 August 1898 in the closure of the Puerto Rican campaign during the Spanish–American War but were unable to secure independence
Provisional Government of Assiniboia	1869–1870	Now part of Canada	Métis provisional government led by politician Louis Riel in the Red River Rebellion. Demanded self-government rather than direct rule by the Canadian government, following Canada's purchase of Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company. Negotiated entry into the Confederation of Canada as the province of Manitoba.^[18]
Provisional Government of Saskatchewan	1885	Now part of Canada	A self-declared Métis territory formed during the North-West Rebellion. Led by Métis political leader Louis Riel, who had previously organized the Red River Rebellion in 1869. Defeated by the Canadian army after just over two months of fighting. Riel was later found guilty of high treason and hanged.^[19]
Republic of Independent Guyana	1886–1891	Now part of Brazil	Established by French settlers in defiance of both France and Brazil.
Transatlantic Republic of Mato Grosso	1892		Modern day's Mato Grosso do Sul
Principality of Trinidad	1893–1895		American James Harden-Hickey divorced his wife in 1893 (1894?) and announced his intention to move to India and take up a life of Hindu asceticism. On the trip there, a storm forced his ship aground on the island of Trinidad (no relation to the Caribbean Trinidad) in the South Atlantic. Seeing that the island was uninhabited, Harden-Hickey declared himself Prince James I of Trinidad and advertised for settlers in the London Times. The following year, the United Kingdom annexed the island in order to anchor a transatlantic telegraph cable. Prince James was encouraged, hoping that the cable would bring the attention he needed to start his reign. However, the plan was scrapped and Brazil annexed the island again in 1897.
Federal State of Loreto	1896	Now part of Peru
Manhuassu Republic	1896	Part of Brazil	Manhuassu Republic was a republican state proclaimed on May 15, 1896, in the municipality of Manhuassu, which lasted twenty-two days.

20th and 21st centuries

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Jungle Nation	1899–1900	Now part of Peru	Proclaimed on 22 May 1899, by colonel Emilio Vizcarra, who then acquired the title of the Supreme Leader. The state was formed from the territory of Department of Loreto, Peru. It was reincorporated into Peru in 1900, shortly after the death of Vizcarra on 27 February 1900.
Republic of Acre	1899–1903	Now part of Brazil	A trio of attempts to free Acre from Bolivia. Each attempt was defeated, but part of Acre was turned over to Brazilian control after the final attempt.
Celestial Monarchy	1912–1916	Now part of Brazil
Morelos Commune	1913–1917	Now part of Mexico	During the Mexican Revolution, from roughly around 1913 to 1917, the peasants from the Mexican region of Morelos established a territory with an alternative political, and economic system. They were heavily influenced by Emiliano Zapata and his ideology of zapatism.
Republic of Arauca	1916–1917	Now part of Colombia	Declared during a rebellion near the border with Venezuela. The republic lasted six weeks, until Colombian authority was restored.^[20]
Third Federal State of Loreto	1921–1922	Now part of Peru and Ecuador
Republic of Tule	1925	Now part of Panama	A short-lived state of the indigenous Guna people, which was declared in reaction to colonial persecution. Developed into the Guna Revolution against Panamanian authority. After just under two months, the Gunas agreed to revoke their declaration of independence in return for civil rights.
Socialist Republic of Chile	1932	Now Chile	A political entity in Chile, that was proclaimed by the Government Junta that took over that year.
State of Maracaju	1932	Now part of Brazil	Modern day's Mato Grosso do Sul
State of São Paulo	1932		Modern day's São Paulo
Socialist Republic of Brazil	1935		Unrecognised government of Brazil lasted 4 Days
Marquetalia Republic	1948–1964	Now Part of Colombia	Attempted Communist state
State Union of Jeová	1952–1953	Now part of Brazil
Republic of Anguilla	1967–1969	Now a British overseas territory	Created due to opposition to a union with modern St. Kitts and Nevis. It ceased to exist after being occupied by the British Army.
Republic of New Afrika	1968–1971	Now part of the United States	Black separatist organization active in the southeastern United States during the Civil rights movement, which sought to annex Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina and form a black-majority nation. The movement's leaders drafted a constitution and declaration of independence in 1968, but after being involved in two shootouts and the resulting prosecution of some leading members, the provisional government ceased to function as a serious organized entity.
Provisional Government Committee of Rupununi	1969	Now part of Guyana	Secessionist government formed during the Rupununi Uprising, an insurrection aimed at breaking away from the newly independent state of Guyana, and becoming either an independent territory protected by Venezuela, or being directly incorporated into Venezuela.
Ganienkeh	1974–1977	Now part of the United States	Attempt at a Native American State
Republic of Airrecú	1993	Now part of Nicaragua	Relations between Costa Rica and Nicaragua have traditionally been strained. This situation was not improved when the Costa Rican government granted land rights to settlers along the San Juan River, which forms part of the border between Costa Rica and Nicaragua. A dispute ended with Costa Rica acknowledging that the territory in fact belonged to Nicaragua, and promised to remove the settlers. The settlers, however, refused to leave. In June 1993, they declared their independence as the Republic of Airrecú, which means "friendship" in a local Indian language. The Nicaraguan Army immediately descended upon the area and escorted the Republic into Costa Rica.
Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities	1994–2023	Zapatista Army Controlled territory in Mexico
Community Nation of Moskitia	2009	Now part of Nicaragua	In April 2009 a group of Miskito elders declared independence from Nicaragua under the name Community Nation of Moskitia. This declaration has not been met with any formal response from the government of Nicaragua nor has it been recognised by any other state.

Asia

17th to 19th centuries

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Jaxa	1665–1674	Now part of Russia	Microstate along the border with the Qing dynasty along the Amur River.
Lanfang Republic	1777–1884	Now part of Indonesia	Established by Chinese in Indonesia as the Dutch began to conquer Indonesia to protect the ethnic Chinese; it was a tributary state of the Qing dynasty of China. When the Qing dynasty weakened, it was conquered by the Dutch, who integrated it into the Dutch East Indies.
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom	1851–1864	Now part of China	This heterodox Christian secessionist state was established by the God Worshipping Society led by Hong Xiuquan who claimed to be the brother of Jesus Christ. They incited the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing dynasty. After seizing some territories in southern China, they established their capital in Nanking and proclaimed the founding of the kingdom. However, the Tianjing incident caused a major setback for the kingdom, after infighting between their leaders the number of their supporters began to dwindle. This allowed the modernized Qing armies with the help of western aid to quash the rebellion. Although the Qing were victorious, the rebellion weakened the Qing empire and some Taiping remnants continued the fight in other rebellions and struggles against western powers.
Yettishar	1865–1877	Now part of China	Muslim Turkic state that existed in Xinjiang between 1865 and 1877 during the Dungan Revolt against the Qing dynasty.
Republic of Ezo	1869	Now part of Japan	Set up in Hokkaido by supporters of the Tokugawa clan following the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate after the Boshin War and Meiji Restoration; they received support from France, but only lasted five months.
Sultanate of Aceh	1874–1904	Now part of Indonesia	A sultanate in modern Indonesia, it was later conquered by the Dutch.
Zheltuga Republic	1883–1886	Now part of China	A proto-state set up by Russian and Chinese prospectors illegally mining on the Chinese side of the Amur River. The settlement was known for its lawlessness, housing escaped convicts, deserters from other mines, sex workers on the other side of the river (as women were not allowed in Zheltuga), and some punishments being carried out with spiked whips. Zheltuga was later discovered by the Chinese, resulting in the deportation of all Russians and the settlement being burned to the ground.
Kingdom of Sedang	1888–1889	Now part of Vietnam	Marie-Charles David de Mayréna was born in France in 1842. He stopped in Vietnam 1884 and started a plantation. In 1888, the King of Siam began claiming territory west of French territory. Anxious, the Governor of the Indochinese Union agreed to Mayréna's proposed expedition to the interior. When Mayréna reached the central highlands, he organized the local tribes into the Kingdom of Sedang, and declared himself King Marie I. He offered to cede his kingdom to France in exchange for monopoly rights. When the French government declined, Mayréna approached the English at Hong Kong. When he was rebuffed there, Mayréna went to Belgium. In 1889, a Belgian financier named Somsy offered arms and money to Mayréna in exchange for mineral rights. The French Navy blockaded Vietnamese ports to prevent his return, and his arms were seized as contraband at Singapore.
Republic of Formosa	1895	Now part of the Republic of China	Declared independence upon the Japanese annexation of Taiwan following Chinese defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War.
Revolutionary Government of the Philippines	1898	Now part of the Philippines	Succeeded by the First Philippine Republic.
First Philippine Republic	1899–1902	Now part of the Philippines	Existed as an unrecognized independent sovereign state from its declaration on June 12, 1898, up to the surrender of Géneral Miguel Malvar on April 16, 1902^[21]^[22] It was formally established with the proclamation of the Malolos Constitution on January 23, 1899, in Malolos, Bulacan, and pursued a protracted war against the United States following the 1898 cession of the Philippines to the U.S. by Spain.
Xibei San Ma	1862–1949	Now part of China	also known as the Ma Clique, it was a collective name for a group of Hui (Muslim Chinese) warlords in Northwestern China who ruled the Chinese provinces of Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia for 10 years from 1919 until 1928.

20th and 21st centuries

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Tianjin Provisional Government	1900–1902	Now part of China	Formed by the Eight-Nation Alliance during the Boxer Rebellion in China, which controlled the major city Tianjin and its surrounding areas from 1900 to 1902.^[23]
Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun	1903	Now part of China	An attempted Chinese Christian state that bore reference to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Its leaders wished to establish a Westernized constitutional monarchy, but were captured a few days before the main insurrection was set to occur. The kingdom lasted for three days.
Uryankhay Republic	1911–1914	Now part of Russia and Mongolia	A nominally independent state that broke away from the Qing dynasty of China during the Xinhai Revolution. It was proclaimed as a republic in 1911 by the Tuvan separatist movement and was encouraged by the Russian Empire
Fengtian	1911–1928	Now part of China	it was the faction that supported warlord Zhang Zuolin during China's Warlord Era. It took its name from Fengtian Province, which served as its original base of support. However, the clique quickly came to control all of the Three Northeastern Provinces
Shanxi	1911–1937		it was one of several military factions that split off from the Beiyang Army during China's warlord era.
Sinkiang	1911–1944		A military clique that ruled Xinjiang during China's warlord era. Unlike other cliques, its leaders were from outside the province.
Uryankhay Krai	1914–1921	Now part of Russia	was a short-lived protectorate of the Russian Empire that was proclaimed on 17 April 1914, created from the Uryankhay Republic which had recently proclaimed its independence from the Qing dynasty of China in the Mongolian Revolution of 1911.^[24]^[25]^[26]
Empire of China	1915–1916	Now part of China	A short-lived attempt by Chinese president Yuan Shikai from late 1915 to early 1916 to reinstate the monarchy in China, with himself as emperor
Yunnan clique	1916–1927	Now part of China	it was one of several mutually hostile cliques that split from the Beiyang Government in the Republic of China's warlord era. It was named for Yunnan Province
Basmachi Kokand	1916–1922	Now part of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
Turkestan	1916–1934	Now part of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan
Sultanate of Tarim	1916–1945	Now part of Yemen	was a state in Yemen created after a division of power within the Kathiri sultanate in 1916.^[27] It was first ruled by Muhsin ibn Ghalib al-Kathiri.^[26] Jam'iyat al-Haqq was responsible for civil affairs of Tarim.^[27] In exchange for maintaining control of Tarim, the al-Kaf family gave the Kathiri sultanate a monthly stipend
Guizhou	1916–1949	Now part of China	A minor warlord faction in the Warlord Era of the Republic of China, situated in the province of Guizhou. Due to its weak economic situation, Guizhou warlords were typically dependent on more economically successful warlords such as the Yunnan clique and the Hunan warlords.
Green Ukraine	1917–1922	Now part of Russia	After the establishment of the Bolshevik Far Eastern Republic on April 6, 1920, Far Eastern areas with an ethnic Ukrainian majority attempted to secede and establish an entity called Green Ukraine.^[28] This movement quickly proved abortive.
Yakutia	1918		In February 1918 the acting government of Yakutia proclaimed the independence of Yakutia in response to the Bolshevik seizure of power. This independent government was overthrown on July 1
Provisional Siberian Government			A short-lived government in Siberia created by the White movement in 1918
Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia			An ephemeral government for Siberia created by the White movement
Great Mongol State	1911–1919, 1921–1924	Now part of Mongolia and Russia	In 1911, the 8th Bogd Gegeen of Outer Mongolia proclaimed independence from the Qing dynasty of China. After 1915 it became a de facto self-governing autonomous region under the suzerainty of the Republic of China. After rebelling against Chinese rule of 1919–1921, it reaffirmed its independence and became the predecessor of the Mongolian People's Republic. Internationally, territories held by this state were widely regarded as part of the Republic of China.
Tibet	1912–1951	Now part of China	In 1913, the 13th Dalai Lama proclaimed independence from the Qing dynasty of China,^[29] which was only recognized by the internationally unrecognized Mongolia.^[30]^[31] However, there have been doubts over the authority of the Tibetan representative to sign the treaty, and thus its validity.^[32] The following year, a treaty accepting Chinese suzerainty was signed and the border was adjusted in favor of British India.^[33] The 14th Dalai Lama acknowledged Chinese sovereignty in the Seventeen Point Agreement of 1951,^[34] but China continues to reject the 1914 treaty and claims South Tibet (now part of India's Arunachal Pradesh). Internationally, territories held by this state were widely regarded as part of China.
Harbin Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies	1917	now part of China	was a soviet (council) of Russian workers and soldiers in Harbin at the time of the 1917 Russian Revolution. The Harbin Soviet was founded immediately after Czar Nicholas II's abdication.^[35] The Harbin Soviet sought to seize control over the Chinese Eastern Railway and to defend Russian citizens in Manchuria
Alash Autonomy	1917–1920	Now part of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan	an unrecognized Kazakh provisional government, or proto-state, located in Central Asia and was part of the Russian Republic, and then Soviet Russia. The Alash Autonomy was founded in 1917 by Kazakh elites, and disestablished after the Bolsheviks banned the ruling Alash party. The goal of the party was to obtain autonomy within Russia, and to form a national, democratic state. The political entity bordered Russian territories to the north and west, the Turkestan Autonomy to the south, and China to the east.
State of Buryat-Mongolia	1917–1921	Now part of Russia	a buffer Buryat-Mongolian state,^[36] during the Russian Civil War. The main government body was Burnatskom, the Buryat National Committee.^[36] The state de facto ceased to exist after the formation of the Far Eastern Republic, which divided Buryat-Mongolia in two: 4 aimags became part of the Far Eastern Republic, while the other 4 formed Buryat-Mongol autonomies of RSFSR.
Constitutional Protection Junta	1917–1921	Now part of China	a military government established by the Kuomintang in Guangzhou in opposition to the Beiyang government on 1 September 1917,^[37] after the beginning of the Constitutional Protection Movement on 17 July 1917.
Republic of Aras	1918–1919	Now part of Azerbaijan	Established during the Russian Civil War, this state only lasted several months.^[38]
Siberian Republic	1918	Now part of Russia	was an unrecognized short-living state that existed on the territory of Russia during the Civil War.
Provisional Regional Government of the Urals	1918	Now part of Russia	The Provisional Regional Government of the Urals was an anti-Bolshevik provisional government, created in Yekaterinburg on August 13 or 19, 1918, which controlled the Perm Governorate, parts of the Vyatka, Ufa, and Orenburg Governorates. Abolished in October 1918.
Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly	1918	Now part of Russia	The Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly was an anti-Bolshevik government that operated in Samara, Russia, during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922. It formed on June 8, 1918, after the Czechoslovak Legion had occupied the city.
Russian State	1918–1920	Now Part of Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan	was a White Army anti-Bolshevik state proclaimed by the Act of the Ufa State Conference of September 23, 1918 (the Constitution of the Provisional All-Russian Government), “On the formation of the all-Russian supreme power” in the name of “restoring state unity and independence of Russia” affected by the revolutionary events of 1917, the October Revolution and the signing of the treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany.^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]
Mughan Soviet Republic	1919	Now part of Azerbaijan	The Mughan Soviet Republic was a short-lived pro-Bolshevik state that existed in present-day southeastern Azerbaijan from March to June 1919.
Anhui clique	1920	Now part of China	A military and political organization, one of several mutually hostile cliques or factions that split from the Beiyang clique in the Republic of China's Warlord Era. It was named after Anhui province because several of its generals–including its founder, Duan Qirui–were born in Anhui
Zhili	1920–1928	Now part of China	was a military faction that split from the Republic of China's Beiyang Army of the during the country's Warlord Era. It was named for Zhili Province (modern-day Hebei), which was the clique's base of power.
Provisional Government of the Far East	1920	Now part of Russia	A local government in the eastern part of Russia during the Russian Civil War between January 31, 1920 and October 28, 1920.
Government of South Russia		Now part of Russia and Ukraine	A White movement government established in Sevastopol, Crimea in April 1920.
Eastern Okraina		Now part of Russia	A local government in the Russian Far East region in 1920 during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923
Far Eastern Soviet Republic		Now part of Russia	1920–1922	A nominally independent state that existed from April 1920 to November 1922 in the easternmost part of the Russian Far East. Although nominally independent, it largely came under the control of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), which envisaged it as a buffer state between the RSFSR and the territories occupied by Japan during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922.
Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia	Now Armenia
Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic	Now Azerbaijan
Khorezm People's Soviet Republic	1920–1924	Now part of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan
Bukharan People's Soviet Republic	1920–1924	Now part of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan
Republic of Mountainous Armenia	1921	Now mostly part of Armenia	An anti-Soviet Armenian state which existed from 26 April until 13 July 1921, roughly corresponding with the territory that is now the present-day Armenian provinces of Vayots Dzor and Syunik, and some parts of the present-day Azerbaijan.
Autonomous Government of Khorasan	1921	Now part of Iran	A short-lived military state set up in Iran. It was formally established on the April 2, 1921, and collapsed a few months later, on October 6, 1921.
Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia	1921–1922	Now De Facto independent but unrecognized Abkhazia
Kingdom of Syria	1920	Now recognized	Lasted for 4 months at the end of World War I until dissolved by the French, who took control.
Azadistan	1920	Now part of Iran	was a short-lived state in Iranian Azerbaijan that lasted from early 1920 until September of that year. It was established by Mohammad Khiabani, an Iranian patriot,^[43] who was a representative to the parliament, and a prominent dissident against Soviet Union and the British colonialism.^[44] Khiabani and his followers chose the name "Azadistan" as a gesture of protest against the giving of the name "Azerbaijan" to the government centered on Baku in Transcaucasia which was called Azerbaijan Democratic Republic,^[45] and also to serve as a model of freedom and independence for the rest of Iran.^[46]
Persian Socialist Soviet Republic	1920–1921	Now Gilan province in Iran	Created by local guerilleros (Jangali) when Red Army troops entered Iran, but failed to spread the revolutionary movement over the whole of Iran.
Independent State of Raqqa	1920–1921	Now part of Syria	Created by rebels against the French occupation of Syria
Socialist Soviet Republic of Georgia	1921–1922	Now Georgia
Kingdom of Kurdistan	1921–1924	Now part of Iraq	Established by Kurdish nationalists following the collapse of Ottoman Turkey, but were defeated by Britain and incorporated into the British Mandate of Mesopotamia.
Tuvan People's Republic	1921–1944	Now part of Russia	Attempt by Tuvans to gain independence following centuries of Chinese rule and years of domination by Imperial Russia; it was put under Soviet control and later formally annexed. Internationally, territories controlled by this state were widely recognized as part of the Republic of China. The Soviet Union and the Mongolian People's Republic were the only countries to recognize its independence.^[47]^[48]
Mongolian People's Republic	1921–1945, 1953–1992	Now recognized	Was unrecognized by several countries from 1940 to 1960 due to being claimed as an integral part of the Republic of China.^[49]
Tungus Republic	1924–1925	Now part of Khabarovsk Krai	The Tungus Republic was a short-lived state started by the Tunguska uprising as part of the Yakut uprisings of the 1920s the state was ceded back to the USSR in 1925.
Republic of Ararat	1927–1930	Now part of Turkey	One of the first Kurdish republics in history, founded in Ağrı Province, Turkey.
Sichuan	1927–1938	Now part of China	A group of warlords in the warlord era in China. During the period from 1927 to 1938, Sichuan was in the hands of six warlords: Liu Xiang, Yang Sen, Liu Wenhui, Deng Xihou, He Zhaode, and Tian Songyao, with minor forces being Xiong Kewu and Lü Chao.
Hailufeng Soviet	1927		it was the first Chinese Soviet territory, established in November 1927, by Peng Pai with Ye Ting's remnant troops from the Nanchang Uprising. After the Little Long March and the near-rout at the Battle of Shantou these troops were much diminished and were directed by the ComIntern to lie low in the deep countryside and to avoid any further battles.^[50]
Shanghai Commune	1927		was a provisional administration that briefly governed the city of Shanghai during the Northern Expedition. Established by people's committees with the assistance of Chen Duxiu, Zhou Enlai, and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),^[51] the commune briefly administered the city of Shanghai before its forceful dissolution by order of Chiang Kai-shek
Emirate of Afghanistan	1929	Now Afghanistan	Government set up in Kabul during the Afghan Civil War (1928–1929). Was not recognized by any country.^[52]
Korean People's Association in Manchuria	1929–1931	Now part of China	An autonomous anarchist zone in Manchuria near Korea populated by two million Korean migrants.
Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviet	1930–1931	Now part of Vietnam	it was the series of uprisings, strikes and demonstrations in 1930 and 1931 by Vietnamese peasants, workers, and intellectuals against the colonial French regime, the mandarinate, and landlords. Nghệ-Tĩnh (Vietnamese: [ŋêˀ tǐŋˀ]) is a compound name for the two central provinces, Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh, where the revolt mainly took place. Demonstrations expressed the general anger against French colonial policies such as heavy taxation and state monopolies on certain goods, as well as the corruption and perceived unfairness of local notables and mandarins.
Chinese Soviet Republic	1931–1937	Now part of China	Recognised by the People's Republic of China (PRC) as a "rehearsal" of the PRC and a "cradle" in which the Communist Party seized power.
Hunan–Jiangxi Soviet	1931–1935		Now part of People's Republic of China
Manchukuo	1932–1945		Puppet state of the Empire of Japan ruled by the Puyi. Manchukuo was diplomatically recognised by El Salvador, Dominican Republic, Soviet Union, Italy, Spain, Nazi Germany, Hungary, Slovakia, Vichy France, Romania, Bulgaria, Finland, Denmark, Croatia, China's Wang Jingwei government, Thailand, and the Philippines. The League of Nations never recognized Manchukuo's annexation by Japan. Manchukuo was occupied by the Soviet Red Army in 1945, ending its puppet state status.
Mengjiang	1932–1945		Puppet state of the Empire of Japan
First East Turkestan Republic	1933–1934		Set up as part of the movement for an independent Xinjiang. It was defeated by the Nationalists of the Republic of China.
Fujian People's Government	1933–1934		Formed following the Fujian Incident, when the former 19th Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army broke with commander Chiang Kai-shek and declared a new government. Although originally enjoying popular support, the government lost favour and was crushed by Nationalist forces in 1934.
Northwest Chinese Soviet Federation	1935–1936		was a confederation of two ethnic minority governments established on May 30, 1935, including the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Geledesha and the Tibetan People's Republic
Great Way Government	1937–1938		The Great Way or Dadao Government, formally the Great Way Municipal Government of Shanghai, was a short-lived puppet government proclaimed in Pudong on December 5, 1937, to administer Japanese-occupied Shanghai in the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Hatay State	1938–1939	Now part of Turkey	A transitional political entity that existed from 7 September 1938 to 29 June 1939, being located in the territory of the Sanjak of Alexandretta of the French Mandate of Syria. The state was transformed de facto into the Hatay Province of Turkey on 7 July 1939, de jure joining the country on 23 July 1939
Wang Jingwei regime	1940–1945	Now part of China	Puppet government of the Empire of Japan dissolved at the end of World War II. Recognized by the Empire of Japan and its allies.
Second Philippine Republic	1943–1945	Now the Philippines	The Second Philippine Republic, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines or known in the Philippines as Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic, was a puppet state established on October 14, 1943, during the Japanese occupation.
State of Burma	1943–1945	Now Myanmar	Japanese puppet states
Provisional Government of Free India	1943–1945	Now India	Japanese puppet states
Second East Turkestan Republic	1944–1949	Now part of China	Soviet satellite state set up in Xinjiang. The Soviets later turned against it and approved its incorporation by China.
Kingdom of Luang Prabang	1945	Now Laos	Japanese puppet states
/ Empire of Vietnam	1945	Now Vietnam
Kingdom of Kampuchea	1945	Now Cambodia
Inner Mongolian People's Republic	1945	Now part of China	During World War II, the Japanese support in Inner Mongolia was established, and a new puppet state named Mengjiang was created. In August 1945, it was destroyed by Soviet and Mongolian troops. On September 9, 1945, the Sunid Yutsi held a Congress of People's Representatives and aimags khoshuns of Inner Mongolia. Held for three days, the Congress proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of Inner Mongolia and elected an interim government. In November, the Chinese Communist Party managed to bring the situation under control, and reorganized the Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Inner Mongolia in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Government.
Republic of Indonesia	1945–1949	Now fully recognized as Indonesia	Independence de facto recognized by the Netherlands, de jure recognition by Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon.
Hòn Gai-Cẩm Phả Commune	1945	Now part of Vietnam	^[53]
Saigon Commune	1945	Now part of Vietnam	^[54]^[55]
Azerbaijan People's Government	1945–1946	Now part of Iran	Soviet puppet state set up in Iranian Azerbaijan but later reclaimed by Iran.
Republic of Mahabad	1946–1947	Now part of Iran	Declared independence from Iran, but then occupied by Iran after the withdrawal of the Soviet Red Army from the north of the country.
Manipur State	1947–1949	Now part of India and Myanmar including Kabaw Valley	Manipur was a princely state of the British Indian Empire from 1891 to 1947. It was granted independence at midnight of 14 August 1947. From 14 August 1947 to October 1949, the region was de jure independent, before acceding to India on 15 October 1949. After intense diplomatic pressure, the Manipur King Bodhchandra Singh relented and acceded Manipur to India in 1949^[56] following the Manipur Merger Agreement.^[57]
Khanate of Kalat	1947–1948	Now part of Balochistan province in Pakistan	Kalat was a princely state in Baluchistan Agency, one of the agencies of British India. The Khan of Kalat declared his nation's independence on August 15, 1947, one day after India and Pakistan declared independence. From 15 August 1947 to 27 March 1948, the region was de facto independent before acceding to Pakistan on 27 March 1948. After intense diplomatic pressure, the Khan relented and acceded Kalat to Pakistan in 1948.
People's Republic of China	1949–1971	Now widely recognized as the legitimate government of China	Recognised by the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc states from 1949, and the United Kingdom from 1950.^[58] Not recognized by the United States or the Western Bloc until the 1970s. Territories held by the People's Republic of China are claimed by the rivaling Republic of China based in Taipei. See Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China for details.
Republic of South Maluku	1950–1963	Now part of Indonesia	The Moluccas formed part of the United States of Indonesia (27 December 1949 – 17 August 1950), but declared independence in April 1950 in reaction of centralizing tendencies from Jakarta. It was quickly conquered by Indonesian troops, but maintains a government in exile in the Netherlands.
Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia	1958–1961	Now part of Indonesia	A revolutionary government set up in Sumatra to oppose the central government of Indonesia in 1958.^[59] Although frequently referred to as the PRRI/Permesta rebellion, the Permesta rebels were a separate movement in Sulawesi, that had pledged allegiance with the PRRI on 17 February 1958.^[60]^[61]
Suvadive Islands	1959–1963	Now part of the Maldives	Attempted break-away state; it was supported by Britain briefly before being abandoned.
Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli	1954–1961	Now part of India	Territory made up of two former exclaves of the Portuguese district of Daman (Portuguese India). In 1954, it was invaded and occupied by supporters of their integration in the Indian Union. Thereafter and until formal annexation by India in 1961, it enjoyed a de facto independence. Portugal continued to consider Dadra and Nagar Haveli as Portuguese territory until 1974. The native citizens of the territory continued to be entitled to the grant of Portuguese citizenship until 2006.
Republic of Timor	1961	Now recognized as Timor-Leste	In early 1961 the Battle Office for the Liberation of Timor (Bureau de Luta pela Libertação de Timor) was formed under the leadership of Maoclao and backed by Indonesia. A republic was proclaimed in the border town of Batugade on 9 April 1961. It was quickly put down by Portuguese troops.^[62]
Champa state	1964–1992	Now part of Vietnam
Shanghai People's Commune	1967	Now part of China	Attempt at recreating a Paris commune-style revolution in China.
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam	1969–1976	Now part of Vietnam
Democratic Republic of East Timor	1975	Now recognized	Declared independence in 1975; Indonesia invaded and occupied the territory, declaring it the country's 27th province. The United Nations did not recognize the annexation or the declaration of independence and made Portugal the legal administrating power.
Free Lebanon State	1979–1984	Now part of Lebanon	In 1976, as a result of the ongoing civil war, the Lebanese army began to break up. Major Saad Haddad, commanding an army battalion in the south which had been part of the Army of Free Lebanon, broke away and founded a group known as the Free Lebanon Army (FLA). The FLA fought against various groups including the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the Amal Movement and (after the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon) the emerging Hezbollah. The 1978 Israeli invasion allowed the Free Lebanon Army to gain control over a much wider area in southern Lebanon. On April 18, 1979, Haddad proclaimed the area controlled by his force "Independent State of Free Lebanon" (Dawlet Lebnaan El Horr El Mest’ell) with the capital Beirut, though his actual headquarters were in Marjayoun. In May 1980, " Free Lebanon Army" was renamed "South Lebanon Army". The statehood claim was downplayed following the death of Haddad in 1984, though his successor Antouan Lahed continued to exercise some authority in Southern Lebanon until the year 2000. On 24 May 2000, following Israeli withdrawal and final collapse of the SLA, Lebanese forces occupied the small town Marjayoun, which was the "capital" of southern Lebanon.
Islamic Revolutionary State of Afghanistan	1980	Now part of Afghanistan
Republic of Artsakh	1991–2023	Now part of Azerbaijan	Declared independence in 1991 and de facto acquired it after the First Nagorno-Karabakh War of 1988–1994, backed by Armenia, but was unrecognized by the international community. Lost part of its territory in 2020 due to the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War and was ultimately taken over by Azerbaijan in a 2023 military offensive, with its government going into exile.^[63]
Gorno-Badakhshan Republic	1992	Now part of Tajikistan	When the civil war broke out in Tajikistan in 1992, the local government in Gorno-Badakhshan declared independence from the Republic of Tajikistan.
Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia	1994–1998	Now part of Cambodia	Rival government of the restored Kingdom of Cambodia by the Khmer Rouge. Dissolved following the death of Pol Pot.
Democratic Republic of Yemen	1994	Now part of Yemen	Breakaway state formed during the 1994 civil war in Yemen. It only lasted six weeks before being reconquered.
Islamic Emirate of Badakhshan	1996	Now part of Afghanistan	An unrecognized Islamic state ruled by Sharia law in modern day Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan.
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan	1996–2001	Now part of Afghanistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan	In 1996, The Taliban took control over Kabul but lost control of the regions they controlled in 2001. However, after the Fall of Kabul in 2021, the Taliban reinstated their rule.
Islamic Emirate of Byara	2001–2003	Now part of Iraq	The Islamic Emirate of Byara was a short-lived unrecognized Kurdish Islamic quasi-state, which declared independence from Iraq in 2001 and ended in 2003.
Tamil Eelam	2004–2009	Now part of Sri Lanka	For much the Sri Lankan Civil War, the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka were controlled by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a Tamil militant organization which fought to establish a separate state known as "Tamil Eelam". Tamil Eelam was not recognized by any other state. After a failed 26-year military campaign, the Sri Lanka Armed Forces began a relentless offensive against the LTTE in 2006, beginning the final stage of the civil war. By 18 May 2009, the Sri Lankan Army had recaptured all land formerly controlled by the LTTE, and the self-declared Tamil Eelam ceased to exist.
Islamic Emirate of Rafah	2009	Now part of Gaza Strip, Palestine	short-lived unrecognized Islamic state located in Rafah. It was founded by Jund Ansar Allah when they declared independence in 2009, two years after the Hamas takeover of Gaza. It collapsed after the 2009 Battle of Rafah.
Bangsamoro Republik	2013	Now part of the Philippines	Following their defeat in Zamboanga City by the Armed Forces of the Philippines on September 28, 2013, the Moro National Liberation Front self-declared Bangsamoro Republic ceased to exist.
Islamic State	2014–2020	Now part of Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Nigeria, Libya and Afghanistan	A self-proclaimed worldwide caliphate, ISIL claimed religious, political and military authority over all Muslims in the world.

Europe

10th to 19th centuries

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Couto Misto	10th century–1868	Now part of Spain and Portugal	De facto independent microstate on the border between Galicia (Spain) and Northern Portugal. By the 1864 Treaty of Lisbon, its territory was partitioned between Spain and Portugal.
Miecław's State	1037–1047	Now part of Poland	A state located in Masovia with capital in Płock. It was formed around 1037 by Miecław by breaking away from Duchy of Poland during the crisis inside the country.^[64] It existed until 1047, when Casimir I the Restorer, duke of Poland, reconquered the state into Duchy of Poland.
Commune of Rome	1144–1193	Now part of Italy and the Vatican City	Established in the summer of 1143^[65] after a rebellion led by the people of Rome. A people's revolt was led due to the increasing powers of the Pope and the entrenched powers of the higher nobility. The goal of the rebellion was to organize the civil government of Rome in a similar fashion to that of the previous Roman Republic, including the reestablishment of the Senate.
Senarica	1343–1797	Now part of Italy	Had a peak population of 300
Duchy of Gniewkowo	1373–1374 1375–1377	Now part of Poland	A district principality and a fiefdom within the Kingdom of Poland during the era of fragmentation that was formed in 1314 from part of the Duchy of Inowrocław. The country was located in the Kuyavia and consisted of Gniewkowo and Słońsk Lands
Principality of Wales	1400–1415	Now part of the United Kingdom	Controlled a majority of Wales between 1403 and 1406
Earldom of Desmond	1569–1572	Now part of Ireland
Earldom of Desmond	1579–1582	Now part of Ireland
Irish alliance	1593–1603	Now part of Ireland and the United Kingdom
Grand Duchy of Lithuania	1655–1657	Now part of Lithuania, Belarus and Poland	Part of the Swedish Empire for roughly 2 years during the Second Northern War.
Kingdom of Corsica	1736	Now part of France	Seceded from Republic of Genoa.
Kingdom of Finland	1742–1743	Now part of Finland and Russia	Short-lived puppet state of Russia. Was divided between Sweden and Russia
Corsican Republic	1755–1769	Now part of France	Seceded from Republic of Genoa. Recognized only by Bey of Tunis.^[66]
Republic of Liège	1789–1791	Now part of Belgium	Republic formed following the Liège Revolution.
United Belgian States	1790	Now part of Belgium and Luxemburg
Rauracian Republic	1792	Now part of Switzerland	A short-lived French occupation zone that included parts of modern Switzerland around the Jura mountains.^[67]^[68] It was created from the northern portion of the Prince-Bishopric of Basel, which was part of the Holy Roman Empire.
Transpadane Republic	1796–1797	Now part of Italy	A sister republic of France established in Milan from 1796 to 1797.
Republic of Crema	1797		A revolutionary municipality^[69] in Lombardy, which was created when the French Army entered Crema on 28 March 1797
Ligurian Republic	1797–1805		A French client republic formed by Napoleon on 14 June 1797. It consisted of the old Republic of Genoa, which covered most of the Ligurian region of Northwest Italy, and the small Imperial fiefs owned by the House of Savoy inside its territory.
Roman Republic	1798–1799		Declared on 9 February 1849, when the government of the Papal States was temporarily replaced by a republican government due to Pope Pius IX's departure to Gaeta.
Tiberina Republic	1798		A revolutionary municipality proclaimed on 4 February 1798, when republicans took power in the city of Perugia. It was an occupation zone that took its name from the river Tiber. A month later, the government of all the Papal States was changed into a republic: the Roman Republic, which Perugia belonged to
The Gozitan Nation	1798–1801	Now part of Malta	Independent kingdom under Neapolitan King Ferdinand III; actually ruled by a provisional government set up by Saverio Cassar, after French troops on the island capitulated to rebels. It became part of the British protectorate of Malta in 1801.
Republic of Connacht	1798	Now part of Ireland	French client republic.
Lemanic Republic	1798	Now part of Switzerland	Formerly a subject territory of Bern. The Lemanic Republic declared its independence in January 1798 before being incorporated into the Helvetic Republic as Canton of Léman (today: Vaud) in April of the same year.
Revolutionary Serbia	1804–1813	Now Serbia and parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina	it was the state established by the Serbian revolutionaries in Ottoman Serbia (Sanjak of Smederevo) after the start of the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire in 1804. The Sublime Porte first officially recognized the state as autonomous in January 1807, however, the Serbian revolutionaries rejected the treaty and continued fighting the Ottomans until 1813
Kingdom of Norway	1814	Now part of Norway	Norway declared its independence, as a result of the refusal of the Treaty of Kiel after the Napoleonic Wars, adopted a Constitution and elected Danish Prince Christian Frederik as its own king. Resulting to a short war with Sweden, leading to Norway accepting entering into a personal union with Sweden at the Convention of Moss.
First Hellenic Republic	1822–1832	Now Greece	was the provisional Greek state during the Greek Revolution against the Ottoman Empire."Ottoman Rule and the War of Independence", Greek, Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 371–378, 2010, doi:10.1002/9781444318913.ch13, ISBN 978-1444318913</ref>Llc, Books (2010). Greek War of Independence: Morea Expedition, Massacres During the Greek Revolution, Souliotes, Background of the Greek War of Independence, Filiki Eteria, Armatoloi, Spinalonga, Greek Civil Wars of 1824–1825, Gramvousa, Klepht, Aegean Anti-Piracy Operation. General Books. ISBN 978-1156773772.</ref> From 1822 until 1827, it was known as the Provisional Administration of Greece, and between 1827 and 1832, it was known as the Hellenic State
Italian United Provinces	1831	Now part of Italy	A short-lived state (a Republic) that was established in 1831 in some territories of the Papal States (Romagna, Marche and Umbria) and in the Duchies of Parma and Modena. It existed from 5 February (following the popular uprising in Bologna, when the temporal power of the Pope and the Emilian Dukes were declared to be revoked) until 26 April, the day the city of Ancona was taken by the Austrian troops.
First Paris Commune	1832	Now part of France
Kingdom of Tavolara	1836–1962?	Now part of Italy^[70]	The Bertoleoni family claimed to be monarchs of an island off the northeast coast of Sardinia.
Sonderbund	1845–1847	Now part of Switzerland	A rival Confederation which broke away from Switzerland 1845 to protect their interests against a centralization of power.
Sicily	1848–1849	Now part of Italy
Provisional Government of Milan	1848	Now part of Italy
Republic of Mosina	1848	Now part of Poland	A short-lived microstate centred around the city of Mosina, which existed for five or six days in May 1848. The country was proclaimed on 3 May 1848, during the Greater Poland uprising, out of lands of insurrect-controlled lands of Grand Duchy of Posen, Kingdom of Prussia, with Jakub Krotowski-Krauthofer as its head of state. The republic ceased to exist five or six days later, on 8 or 9 May 1848 after the defeat of rebel forces.^[71]^[72]
Ruthenian State	1848–1851	Now part of Ukraine and Poland
Repubblica di San Marco	1848–1849	Now part of Italy	Following 1848 unrests, the republic was proclaimed in 1848 in the territories of Venetia with the capital Venice. Allied with the other Italian states against Austrian Empire, it eventually voted to federate under Kingdom of Sardinia, but it went back to independence after piedmontese defeat. Remaining only Venice and its lagoon under control, the republic surrendered after almost 5 months of siege and after 17 months of existence.
German Empire	1848–1849	Now part of Germany	A short-lived proto-state which existed from 1848 to 1849. In one view, it was a revolutionary new created national state. According to another view, it was the reformed German Confederation.
Slovak National Council	1848–1849	Now part of Slovakia
Serbian Vojvodina	1848–1849	Now part of Serbia and Romania	A short-lived self-proclaimed Serb autonomous province within the Austrian Empire during the Revolutions of 1848, which existed until 1849 when it was transformed into the new (official) Austrian province named Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar.
Hungarian State	1849	Now part of Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Austria, Slovakia and Ukraine
Roman Republic	1849–1850	Now part of Italy and Vatican City	was a short-lived state declared on 9 February 1849, when the government of the Papal States was temporarily replaced by a republican government due to Pope Pius IX's departure to Gaeta. The republic was led by Carlo Armellini, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Aurelio Saffi. Together they formed a triumvirate, a reflection of a form of government during the first century BC crisis of the Roman Republic.
United Provinces of Central Italy	1859–1860	Now part of Italy	A short-lived military government established in 1859 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. It was formed by a union of the former Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena, and the Papal Legations, after the Second Italian War of Independence.
Canton of Cartagena	1873–1874	Now part of Spain	In 1873 Cartagena was proclaimed as an independent canton, called the Canton of Cartagena. This proclamation started the Cantonal Revolution in Spain, during the First Spanish Republic. It was the beginning of the cantonalism, a movement that sought to establish a federal state composed of autonomous cantons. Some cities and territories joined the cantonal cause and were declared independents too, but they surrendered a few days later. The only canton with an organized government as state, control on its territory and military power was Cartagena, which declared war and faced the Spanish central government during six months, until it was invaded.
Canton of Málaga	1873		A short-lived federal entity that was created during the Cantonal rebellion of 1873, in the First Spanish Republic.
Valencian Canton	1873		One of the first independent cantons proclaimed in the Cantonal rebellion during the First Spanish Republic (1873-1874). It was officially proclaimed on July 18, 1873, and 178 municipalities of the Valencia province adhered to it.^[73] It fell on August 8, when the troops of Martínez Campos, sent by the federal republican government of Nicolás Salmerón, entered the city of Valencia, causing the surrender of the Canton.
Republic of Tamrash	1878–1886	Now part of Bulgaria	The Republic of Tamrash was a self-governing administrative structure of the Pomaks, living in the Tamrash region of the Rhodope Mountains.

20th and 21st centuries

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Gurian Republic	1902–1906	Now part of Georgia	The Gurian Republic or the Gurian peasant republic was an insurrection that took place in the western Georgian province Guria (then part of the Imperial Russia) prior to and during the Russian Revolution of 1905. Republic existed from the November 1905 to January 10, 1906.
Kruševo Republic	1903	Now part of North Macedonia	Republic established in Kruševo, North Macedonia at the start of the Ilinden Uprising. It lasted solely 10 days, from the third to the thirteenth of August. It can be considered as one of the first modern governments with leftist views, as both the president, Nikola Karev and his co-writer of the Kruševo Manifesto, Nikola Kirov, were socialists and members of the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party.
Strandzha Commune	1903	Now part of Bulgaria and Turkey
Chita Republic, Krasnoyarsk Republic, Novorossiysk Republic, Sochi Republic, Stary Buyan Republic	1905–1906	Now part of Russia	The Chita Republic was a workers and peasants' dictatory republic in Chita during the Russian Revolution of 1905, installed by actual seizure of power in Chita RSDLP Committee and the Council of Soldiers 'and Cossacks' Deputies in November 1905 – January 1906. The Krasnoyarsk Republic — government, organized by the Joint Board of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies in Krasnoyarsk during the First Russian Revolution. Lasted from 9 to 27 December 1905. The Novorossiysk Republic — the worker-peasant self-government established by the Council of Workers' Deputies in Novorossiysk December 12, 1905, lasted until 26 December of the same year. The Sochi Republic — political education social democratic sense, arising from the modern city of Sochi as a result of the revolutionary uprisings of 1905, lasted from December 28, 1905, to January 5, 1906 (i.e., about 9 days). The Starobuyanskaya Republic — peasant self-government established during the First Russian Revolution in the village of Stary Buyan, lasted from 12 to 26 November 1905.
Liubotyn Republic and Shuliavka Republic	1905	Now part of Ukraine	The Lyubotinskaya Republic — proclaimed in December 1905, independent workers' state in the armed insurrection of the workers and railwaymen in Lyubotin during the Russian Revolution of 1905. Republic existed from the December 26 to 30, 1905. The Shuliavka Republic was an early 20th-century worker-based quasi-government organization in the city of Kiev, Ukraine, whose main task was self-defence. The uprising lasted a total of four days, from December 12–16 (o.s., in the Gregorian Calendar, 26–29), 1905.
Markovo Republic	1905–1906	Now part of Russia	The Markovo Republic was a self-proclaimed peasant state, located in Russia, in the Volokolamsk area. It was proclaimed on October 18, 1905, when during the Russian Revolution of 1905 peasants took control of the local government in the village Markovo and 5 other villages. It had existed until July 18, 1906.
Republic of Ostrowiec	1905–1906	Now part of Poland	The Republic of Ostrowiec (Republika Ostrowiecka) — government set December 27, 1905 during the First Russian Revolution in cities Ostrowiec, Iłżę, Ćmielów and locality. Republic fell in the middle of January 1906.
Republic of Zagłębie and Republic of Sławków	1905	Now part of Poland	The Polish towns Zagłębie Dąbrowskie and Sławków were taken over by revolutionaries during the Russian Revolution of 1905. Both republics existed in November–December 1905, each about 10–12 days.
Comrat Republic	1906	Now part of Moldova	established in the village of Comrat, in the Bessarabia Governorate, in protest of the tsarist regime of the Russian Empire. It was created after a mutiny by Andrey Galatsan, a socialist revolutionary, with the support of the local Gagauz population. It lasted six days (from 6 January to 12 January) and is today viewed positively in Gagauzia (now in Moldova) as a premonition of the future Gagauz territorial autonomy.
Provisional Government of Western Thrace	1913	Now part of Greece	A small, short-lived republic from August 31 to October 25, 1913, at the end of the Second Balkan War when Western Thrace was then occupied by the Ottoman Empire. It was founded as a state with Ottoman support, in order to avoid Bulgarian rule after the Treaty of Bucharest, in which the Ottomans had not taken part. Under British pressure, the Balkan powers and the Ottomans signed the Treaty of Constantinople, which satisfied the Turkish claims to recognition of Eastern Thrace. The Ottomans withdrew their forces and by 25 October, the area was annexed by Bulgaria.^[74]^[75]
Republic of Central Albania	1913–1914	Now part of Albania	The Republic of Central Albania was a republic declared following the pullout of Ottoman forces from the former Albanian Vilayet. Declared by Essad Pasha Toptani, the republic's existence came to an end when the troops of William of Wied took control of the country.
Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus	1914	Now part of Albania	a short-lived, self-governing entity founded in the aftermath of the Balkan Wars on 28 February 1914, by the local Greek population in southern Albania (Northern Epirotes).^[76]
General Government of Galicia and Bukovina	1914–1917	Now part of Poland and Ukraine	a temporary Imperial Russian military administration of eastern parts of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria captured from Austria-Hungary during World War I.
General Government of Belgium	1914–1918	Now part of Belgium	a German Army occupation administration which administered one of the three separate occupation zones established in German-occupied Belgium during the First World War.
Government General of Warsaw	1915–1918	Now part of Poland	an administrative civil district created by the German Empire in World War I.^[77] It encompassed the north-western half of the former Russian-ruled Congress Poland.^[77]
Military Government of Lublin	1915–1918	Now part of Poland	a military administration of an area of the Russian Empire under the occupation of Austria-Hungary, during the World War I, that existed from 1915 to 1917. It was administered under the command of Governors-General, with the seat of government originally based in Kielce, and in October 1915, moved to Lublin.
Irish Republic	1916	Now recognized as the Republic of Ireland and part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	An independent republic covering the entire island of Ireland declared on 24 April 1916 during the Easter Rising; sent out a radio broadcast to the nations of Europe: "Irish Republic declared in Dublin today. Irish troops have captured city and are in full possession. Enemy cannot move in city. The whole country rising." The rebels surrendered on 29 April.^[78]
Samarina Republic	1917	Now part of Greece	First Attempt at an Aromanian State.
Provisional Land Council of Vidzeme	1917	Now part of Latvia	created in the Governorate of Livonia on March 13, 1917 following the democratic February Revolution in Russian Empire. Initially it supported ideas of Latvian land unity and self-determination, but by the second half of 1917 it came under increasing Bolshevik influence and on January 2, 1918 it ceased to exist, relinquishing its authority to the Bolshevik Iskolat.
Provisional Land Council of Courland	1917	Now part of Latvia	created on 27 April 1917 in Tartu as the representative organ of Courland Governorate. Because Courland was under German military occupation since the summer of 1915, the Council was created in Estonian city of Tartu, and following the German offensive, was evacuated to Russian city Kazan in October 1917.^[79]
Crimean People's Republic	1917–1918	Disputed (de facto part of Russia, internationally recognised as part of Ukraine)	Defeated by the Red Army.
Provisional Land Council of Latgale		Now part of Latvia
Moldavian Democratic Republic		Now part of Moldova and Ukraine	Joined Kingdom of Romania
Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets		Now part of Ukraine	Soviet Russia puppet state created on efforts of the local Bolsheviks and military support from Moscow and Petrograd. It was cleared out of Ukraine by the Ukrainian People's Republic with the help from Germany and Austria.
Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers, and the Landless in Latvia		Now part of Latvia	was the governing body in the territory of Latvia that was under control of the pro-Communist Red Latvian Riflemen in 1917–1918.
Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)		Now recognized	a short-lived polity that was proclaimed during World War I by the German Empire and Austria-Hungary on 5 November 1916 on the territories of formerly Russian-ruled Congress Poland held by the Central Powers as the Government General of Warsaw and which became active on 14 January 1917. It was subsequently transformed between 7 October 1918 and 22 November 1918 into the independent Second Polish Republic, the customary ceremonial founding date of the latter being later set at 11 November 1918. In spite of the initial total dependence of this client state on its sponsors,^[80]
Baku Soviet Commune	1918	Now part of Azerbaijan	The commune was established in the city of Baku, which was then the capital of the briefly independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and is now the capital of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The commune, led by Stepan Shahumyan, existed until 26 July 1918 when the Bolsheviks were forced out of power by a coalition of Dashnaks, Right SRs and Mensheviks. After their overthrow, the Baku commissars attempted to leave Baku but were captured by the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and imprisoned. On 14 September 1918, during the fall of Baku to Ottoman forces, Red Army soldiers broke into their prison and freed the commissars; they then boarded a ship to Krasnovodsk, where they were promptly arrested by local authorities and, on the night of 20 September, executed by a firing squad between the stations of Pereval and Akhcha-Kuyma on the Transcaspian Railway by soldiers of the Ashkhabad Committee. They were executed for essentially letting the Islamic Army of the Caucasus seize Baku.^[81]
Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly	1918	Now part of Russia	an anti-Bolshevik government that operated in Samara, Russia, during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922. It formed on June 8, 1918, after the Czechoslovak Legion had occupied the city.
Mainz Workers' and Soldiers' Council	1918	Now part of Germany	the effective government of Mainz from 9 November until the arrival of French troops on 9 December 1918 during the German Revolution of 1918.
Republic of Zakopane	1918	Now part of Poland	an area in Galicia centered on the city of Zakopane that created its own parliament ("National Organisation") on October 13, 1918. The parliament's principal goal was to join an independent state of Poland. On October 30, the Organisation officially declared its independence from Austria-Hungary and, two days later, made itself a "National Council". This was eventually disestablished on November 16 when the Polish Liquidation Committee took control of Galicia.
Supreme Administration of the Northern Region	1918	Now part of Russia	an anti-Bolshevik left-wing Allied government part of the White movement during the Russian Civil War.
Idel-Ural State	1918	Now part of Russia	an unsuccessful attempt of the autonomy of Tatar peoples that claimed to unite Tatars, Bashkirs, and the Chuvash in the turmoil of the Russian Civil War. The republic was proclaimed on 1 March 1918, by a Congress of Muslims from Russia's interior and Siberia, but defeated by Bolsheviks the same month.^[82] Idel-Ural means "Volga-Ural" in the Tatar language.
Ossetian Soviet Socialist Republic	1918–1920	Now de facto part of South Ossetia, internationally recognised as part of Georgia
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic	1917–1922	Now part of Russia	Revolutionary soviet state led by Vladimir Lenin during the Russian civil war.
Republic of Heinzenland	1918	Now part of Austria	was a short-lived and unrecognized nation in the region now known as the Austrian federal state of Burgenland, aimed at protecting the German-speaking population in Western Hungary
Slovak People's Republic		Now part of Slovakia	a short-lived state that lasted from 11 December to 29 December 1918. The Eastern Slovak National Council was established as an organisation concurrent to the Slovak National Council in November 1918.^[83] The council was led by Viktor Dvorcsák [sk], an advocate and ex-archivist from Prešov working for the Hungarian revisionist movement.^[84]
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs		Now part of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Serbia (Vojvodina) and Montenegro (Boka Kotorska)	Temporary state of the Austro-Hungarian South Slavs, declared on October 29, 1918, and merged with the Kingdom of Serbia on December 1, 1918, into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia)
First Republic of Pińczów		Now part of Poland	Area of Pińczów and the surrounding area which was captured at the end of 1918 for a period of six weeks by the city's inhabitants, led by Jan Lisowski, after the disarmament of the occupation troops without a fight.
Republic of Tarnobrzeg	1918–1919	Now part of Poland	The Republic of Tarnobrzeg was proclaimed November 6, 1918 in the Polish town of Tarnobrzeg. Disestablished Spring 1919.
Crimean Regional Government		Disputed between Ukraine and Russia
Kars Republic		Part of Turkey
Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine	1918–1919	Now Ukraine
Kuban People's Republic	1918–1920	Now part of Russia	A territory in Russia, it was declared by Kuban Cossacks in 1918. It supported the White Movement and was overrun by the Bolsheviks in 1920.
West Ukrainian People's Republic	1918–1919	Now part of Ukraine	Established in eastern Galicia leading to a losing war with Poland after which it was overrun by Poland and its government joined the Ukrainian People's Republic.
Komancza Republic	1918–1919	Now part of Ukraine	An association of 30 pro-Ukrainian villages, it planned to merge with the West Ukrainian People's Republic but was suppressed by Poland during the Polish-Ukrainian War
Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic	1918	Now part of Finland and Russia	Lasted only three months during the Finnish Civil War, but was recognized by Soviet Russia.
Republic of Vorarlberg		Now part of Austria	Amidst the chaos in collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire the Vorarlbergers proclaimed themselves a separate non-Austrian, Germanic people and declared on 3 November 1918 the independence as Republic of Vorarlberg. The secession was blocked by the Allies and the new Austrian republican government. In April 1919, over 80% of the Vorarlbergers voted to secede from Austria and attach themselves to Switzerland, but they were again blocked.^[85]
Alsace Soviet Republic (Republic of Alsace–Lorraine)		Now part of France	The Soviet Republic, existed in Alsace from 10 to 22 November 1918.
Banat Republic		Now part of Romania, Serbia and Hungary	Established in the Banat region of modern Serbia by members of ethnic groups in the region, it was only recognized by Hungary. It was invaded by Serbia and in 1919 partitioned between Hungary, Romania, and the newly created Yugoslavia.
Don Republic	1918–1920	Now part of Russia	Republic was established on the historic territory of the Don Cossacks and was recognized by the Ukrainian State. In 1919 it was part of the Armed Forces of South Russia and eventually overran by Bolsheviks with its annexation to the Soviet Russia and decossackization.
Belarusian People's Republic	1918	Now recognized as Belarus	Attempt by Belarusian nationalists but conquered by Soviet Union. Still exists today as a government-in-exile.
Terek Soviet Republic		Now part of Russia	was a short-lived republic on the territory of the former Terek Oblast. Its capital was first Pyatigorsk, and later Vladikavkaz.
Don Soviet Republic		Now part of Russia	a short-lived Soviet republic of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic that existed from March to May 1918. Claiming the territory of the Don Host Oblast, the republic was proclaimed in March 1918 after the retreat of the White Army from the area. In May, after the revolt of the Don Cossacks and the German advance into the region as a result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the republic was overthrown and its leaders fled. The Don Cossacks' Don Republic took over the territory of the Don Soviet Republi
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)		Now part of Latvia	German Client State
Republic of German-Austria	1918–1919	Now part of Austria and the Czech Republic	Brief state declared following the collapse of Austria-Hungary. The Allies of World War I opposed it and it was succeeded by the First Austrian Republic.
Lithuania	1918	Now recognized	an attempt to establish an independent constitutional Lithuanian monarchy in February 1918. It was created towards the end of World War I when Lithuanian-speaking lands were under military occupation by the German Empire. The state was officially dissolved in November 1918.
Republic of Perloja	1918–1923	Now part of Lithuania	In the chaos after World War I, responding to such situation the locals established a self-governing parish committee, often called the Republic of Perloja. The Republic of Perloja had its own court, police, prison, currency (Perloja litas), and an army of 300 men.
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic	1918–1919	Now part of Lithuania	a short-lived Soviet puppet state^[86] during the early Interwar period. It was declared on 16 December 1918 by a provisional revolutionary government led by Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas. It ceased to exist on 27 February 1919, when it was merged with the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia to form the Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (Litbel).
Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic	1918–1920	Now part of Latvia	was a short-lived socialist republic formed during the Latvian War of Independence. It was proclaimed on 17 December 1918 with the political, economic, and military backing of Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik government in the Russian SFSR. The head of government was Pēteris Stučka with Jūlijs Daniševskis as his deputy.^[87]
Latvian Provisional Government	1918–1920	Now part of Latvia and Belarus
Free State of Schwenten	1919	Now part of Poland	an independent state proclaimed in 1919 with the capital in Schwenten. The declaration of independence had defensive role as local government was aware of the Polish uprising in Greater Poland. It existed for 7 months until it joined Weimar Republic.^[88]
Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic	1919	Disputed (de facto part of Russia, internationally recognised as part of Ukraine)	a state allied with Soviet Russia that existed in Crimea for several months in 1919 during the Russian Civil War.
Italian Regency of Carnaro	1919–1920	Now part of Croatia	a self-proclaimed state in the city of Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia) led by Gabriele d'Annunzio between 1919 and 1920.
Republic of Batumi		Now part of Georgia	Short-lived state only recognised by the United Kingdom
North Caucasian Emirate		Now part of Russia	a mainly Avar and Chechen Islamic state that existed in the territory of Chechnya and western Dagestan during the Russian Civil War from September 1919 to March 1920. The emirate's temporary capital was established in the village of Vedeno and its leader, Uzun Hajji Saltinsky^[89] (Узун-Хаджи), was given the title "His Majesty the Imam and the Emir of the North Caucasus Emirate, Sheikh Uzun Khair Haji Khan (Узун Хаир Хаджи Хан)".
Republic of North Ingria			The Republic of North Ingria was a state of Ingrian Finns in the southern part of the Karelian Isthmus, which seceded from Bolshevist Russia after the October Revolution. Its aim was to be incorporated into Finland. It ruled parts of Ingria from 1919 until 1920. With the Peace Treaty of Tartu it was re-integrated into Russia. Established -January 23, 1919. Disestablished — December 5, 1920.
Republic of Uhtua			The Republic of Uhtua (or the Republic of East Karelia) was an unrecognized state, with the focus of a state led by Finns. It existed from 1919 to 1920, created out of five Volosts in the Kemsky uyezd of the Arkhangelsk Governorate, now in the Republic of Karelia. The capital of the republic was the village of Uhtua (now Kalevala).
People's State of Reuss		Now part of Germany	The People's State of Reuss was a short-lived country in what is now Thuringia. The state was formed on 4 April 1919 after the reigning princes of the two Reuss principalities abdicated and elections were held in both states. It united with six other small states to form Thuringia, a member state of the Weimar Republic, on 1 May 1920.
Hutsul Republic	1919	Now part of Ukraine	A state formed from territory in the former Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, it was invaded by the Hungarian Soviet Republic in June 1919 and then became part of the First Czechoslovak Republic. It originally intended to join the Western Ukrainian National Republic^[90]
Bavarian Soviet Republic and Bremen Soviet Republic		Now part of Germany	The Bavarian Soviet Republic, also known as the Munich Soviet Republic was, as part of the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the attempt to establish a socialist state in the form of a democratic workers' council republic in the Free State of Bavaria. It lasted four weeks. Another Republic that also existed for four weeks was the Bremen Soviet Republic.^[91]
Slovak Soviet Republic		Now part of Slovakia	A pro-Hungarian puppet state set up by Red Guards from the Hungarian Soviet Republic in Upper Hungary. It lasted three weeks.^[91] After a brief war it was returned to the authority of Czechoslovakia as promised by early peace agreements.
Republic of Prekmurje		Now part of Slovenia	Existed for six days.
Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia		Now part of Belarus	an early republic in the historical territory of Belarus for only one month in 1919 after the collapse of the Russian Empire as a result of the October Revolution.
Monarchy of the North	1919	Now part of Portugal	A stated that established by monarchists trying to restore the monarchy. It was crushed by the Portuguese Army.
Kholodny Yar Republic	1919–1922	Now part of Ukraine	a self-proclaimed state formation, partisan movement, which ran on part of the lands of the former Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR — or Ukrainian National Republic, UNR), in the Chyhyryn district of the Kyiv province (modern Cherkasy Oblast), in the area of the Kholodny Yar forest tract. The village of Melnyky was its capital. It had a 15,000-strong army composed of peasants and soldiers from the UNR army, which was defeated by the White Army in Podolia earlier.^[92]
Irish Republic	1919–1922	Now recognized as the Republic of Ireland and part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	An unrecognized Irish nationalist state during the Irish War for Independence it ceased to exist following the Anglo-Irish Treaty which gave Southern Ireland independence as the Irish Free State while keeping Northern Ireland under British control. These terms caused much of the victorious Irish Republican Army to reject the treaty, leading to the Irish Civil War (1922–1923) between pro-treaty Free State forces and Anti-Treaty IRA, who viewed the dissolution of the Republic as illegal.
Independent Medvyn Republic	1919-1921	Now part of Ukraine
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic	1919		The Soviet Republic Ukrainian SSR existed from 1919 to 1991. It was not until 1945 when it was officially recognized as a founding member of the United Nations. It was created as another puppet state of the Soviet Russia. With the fall of the Soviet Union transitioned to Ukraine.
Galician Soviet Socialist Republic	1920		The Soviet Republic Galician SSR existed from July 8, 1920, to September 21, 1920, during the Polish-Soviet War within the area of the south-western front of the Red Army.
Olonets Government of Southern Karelia		Now part of Russia
Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee		Now part of Poland and Belarus	was a revolutionary committee created under the patronage of Soviet Russia with the goal to establish a Soviet republic within Poland.
Republic of Central Lithuania	1920–1922	Now part of Lithuania and Belarus	was a short-lived puppet republic of Poland, that existed from 1920 to 1922, without an international recognition. It was founded on 12 October 1920, after Żeligowski's Mutiny, when soldiers of the Polish Army, mainly the 1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Infantry Division under Lucjan Żeligowski, fully supported by the Polish air force, cavalry and artillery, attacked Lithuania. It was incorporated into Poland on 18 April 1922.
Karelian United Government	1920–1923	Now part of Russia
Lajtabánság	1921	Now part of Austria and Hungary	State declared in the Burgenland state of Austria by ethnic Hungarians following the Treaty of Trianon, where Hungary was forced to surrender the territory. It was ceased to exist after a month when Austria annexed it.
Labin Republic		Now part of Croatia	Republic established in Labin, Croatia.
Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic		Now part of Hungary and Croatia	A Soviet-minded^[vague] state set up by Hungarian communists fleeing the white terror following the collapse of the Hungarian Soviet Republic. It was supported by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes but was quickly re-conquered by Hungary.
Republic of Mirdita		Now part of Albania	Set up by Albanian Catholics trying to break away from Albania which was a mainly Muslim country. It was backed by Yugoslavia but only lasted three months.
Life and Labor Commune		Now part of Russia
Autonomous Palatinate	1924	Now part of Germany
Asturias and León	1936–1937	Now part of Spain	Established during the Spanish Civil War.
Free City of Asch	1938	Now part of the Czech Republic	Established during the Sudeten German uprising
Carpatho-Ukraine	1939	Now part of Ukraine	Carpatho-Ukraine was an autonomous region within Czechoslovakia from 30 December 1938 to March 15, 1939. It declared itself an independent republic on March 15, 1939, but was occupied and annexed by Hungary between March 15 and March 18, 1939.
Finnish Democratic Republic	1939–1940	Now part of Russia	Puppet state of the Soviet Union led by Otto Wille Kuusinen. Finnish Democratic Republic was diplomatically recognised by USSR, Mongolia and Tuva,^[93] latter two being Soviet satellite states. The League of Nations never recognized the Finnish Democratic Republic. Finnish Democratic Republic was merged in 1940 with the Karelian ASSR within the RSFSR to form the Karelo-Finnish SSR, a Soviet republic in its own right, after Finland had ceded the areas to the Soviet Union in the Moscow Peace Treaty.
First Slovak Republic	1939–1945	Now part of Slovakia	Between 1939 and 1945, First Slovak Republic was a puppet state of Nazi Germany.
Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic	1940–1941, 1944–1990/91	Now part of Estonia	The three puppet states^[94] which, following the 1940 Soviet invasion of the three countries, were proclaimed in Soviet-occupied Baltic countries in July 1940 and annexed into the Soviet Union in August 1940. The Soviet annexation was not recognized by the majority of Western countries.
Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic		Now part of Latvia
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic		Now part of Lithuania
Independent State of Croatia	1941–1945	Now part of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina	Affiliated with the Third Reich.
Ukrainian State Board	1941	Now part of Ukraine	Proclaimed restoration of Ukrainian statehood by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists after the occupation of Lviv by Nazi Germany which immediately suppressed it.
Lokot Autonomy	1941–1942	Now part of Russia
Ukrainian Independent United State [uk]	1941–1949	Now part of Ukraine and Poland	Territories of Western Ukraine, controlled by Ukrainian Insurgent Army during the World War II.
Republic of Užice	1941	Now part of Serbia	Area briefly liberated by Yugoslav partisans after the Invasion of Yugoslavia; it was retaken by the German Army during the First anti-Partisan offensive.
Principality of the Pindus	1941–1943	Now part of Greece	Second attempt at an Aromanian State
Bihać Republic	1942–1943	Now part of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina	Area liberated by Yugoslav partisans before being recaptured by the German Army.
Italian Social Republic	1943–1945	Now part of Italy	German-dominated puppet state under Benito Mussolini, formed in the North of Italy after the Italian King Victor Emmanuel III signed an armistice with the Allies.
Belarusian Central Rada	1943–1944	Now part of Belarus
Mountain Government	1944	Now part of Greece
Free Republic of Vercors	1944	Now part of France	On 3 July 1944, the Free Republic of Vercors was proclaimed, the first democratic territory in France since the beginning of the German occupation in 1940. The republic ceased to exist before the end of the month.
Republic of Alto Monferrato	1944	Now part of Italy
Republic of Bobbio	1944	Now part of Italy
Independent Macedonia	1944	Part of North Macedonia, Serbia and Kosovo
Second Republic of Pińczów	1944	Now part of Poland	Region in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship liberated by joint forces of Polish Resistance formations: Home Army, People's Army and Peasants' Battalions, during a period from July to August 1944.^[95]^[96]
Republic of Sbarre Centrali	1970–1971
Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration	1974–1975	Now de facto part of Northern Cyprus, internationally recognised as part of Cyprus
Turkish Federated State of Cyprus	1975–1983
Gagauz Republic	1989–1995	Now part of Moldova	The Gagauz people were in general uncomfortable with the potential unification between Moldova and Romania. Thus, the Gagauz Republic declared itself as separate from Moldova. It was later reintegrated into Moldova as an autonomous region in 1995.
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic	1990–1992	Now de facto independent as Transnistria, internationally recognised as part of Moldova
Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic later Republic of Tatarstan	1990–2002	Now part of Russia	On August 30, 1990, Tatarstan declared its sovereignty with the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic and in 1992 Tatarstan held a referendum on the new constitution. Some 62% of those who took part voted in favor of the constitution. In the 1992 Tatarstan Constitution, Tatarstan is defined as a Sovereign State. However, the referendum and constitution were declared unconstitutional by the Russian Constitutional Court. Articles 1 and 3 of the Constitution as introduced in 2002 define Tatarstan as a part of the Russian Federation, removing the "sovereignty" term.
Republic of Vevčani	1991–1993	Now part of North Macedonia
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria	1991–2000	Now part of Russia
Republic of Serbian Krajina	1991–1995	Now part of Croatia	Suppressed by Croatia.
Dubrovnik Republic	1991–1992	Now part of Croatia	Suppressed by Croatia.
SAO Romanija	1991–1992	Now part of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Republic of Kosova	1991–1999	Now Kosovo	After United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo became the republic of Kosovo
Kurdish Republic of Laçin	1992	Now Azerbaijan	^[97]
Republic of Tatarstan	1992–1994	Now part of Russia	Now part of Russia
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia	1992–1996	Now part of Bosnia and Herzegovina	Suppressed by Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Republika Srpska	1992–1995	Now part of Bosnia and Herzegovina	Transformed into an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina, covering 50% of the land with 90%+ ethnic Serbs.
Republic of Crimea	1992–1995	Disputed (de facto part of Russia, internationally recognised as part of Ukraine)	Rejoined Ukraine to become Autonomous Republic of Crimea
Ilirida	1992 and 2014	Now part of North Macedonia	Short-lived attempt at an Albanian state
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic	1993	Now part of Azerbaijan	Short-lived attempt at autonomy.
Republic of Western Bosnia	1993–1995	Now part of Bosnia and Herzegovina	The Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia, existed during the Bosnian War. Its leader was later convicted of war crimes.
Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia	1995–1998	Now part of Croatia	The UN gives Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia to Croatia.
Tatarstan	2008	Now part of Russia	Declared in Response to the Recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by Russia^[98]
Odesa People's Republic	2014	Now part of Ukraine	This republic was declared by an internet group on 16 April, but local Antimaidan protesters said they had not made such a declaration. Unlike in Kharkiv, Donetsk, and Luhansk, pro-Russian protesters in Odesa said they wanted Odesa to be an autonomous region within Ukraine, rather than to join Russia. On 28 October, the SBU said they had foiled a plot to create a People's Republic in the region. They found a munitions cache, and arrested members of an alleged separatist group. They also said that Russian intelligence and security services were behind the plot.
Kharkiv People's Republic^[99]	2014		The Kharkiv People's Republic was a short lived republic proclaimed on 7 April by protesters occupying the RSA building. However, later that day, Ukrainian special forces retook the building, thereby ending the control the protesters had over the building.
Republic of Stakhanov	2015		Anti-Minsk agreements quasi-state declared within the Luhansk Peoples Republic.
Republic of Crimea	2014	Disputed (de facto part of Russia, internationally recognised as part of Ukraine)	As part of the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, on 17 March 2014 following the official announcement of the Crimean status referendum results, the Supreme Council of Crimea declared the formal independence of the Republic of Crimea, comprising the territories of both the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol.^[100] Russia officially recognised the Republic of Crimea 'as a sovereign and independent state' by decree^[101] before approving the admission of Crimea and Sevastopol as federal subjects of Russia.^[102]
Novorossiya ( Donetsk People's Republic/ Luhansk People's Republic)	2014–2015		Due to non-resolution to the war in Donbass, although Minsk Protocol/Minsk II are in effect. Both states attempted to form an unrecognised Confederation-like union known as Novorossiya based on a historical Russian region of the same name. This project was suspended however in 2015, and reverted as allied rebellious separatist People's Republics from Ukraine as since, up until 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, where later that year, these were (illegally) annexed by Russian Federation.
Donetsk People's Republic	2014–2022		The Donetsk People's Republic existed during the Russo-Ukrainian War, proclaimed on 7 April and designated as a terrorist organisation by Ukraine in May 2014. On 30 September 2022, Russia's president Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions.
Luhansk People's Republic	2014–2022		The Luhansk People's Republic, existed during the Russo-Ukrainian War, proclaimed on 27 April and designated as a terrorist organisation by Ukraine in May 2014. On 30 September 2022, Russia's president Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions.
Catalan Republic	2017	Now part of Spain	The Autonomous Community of Catalonia of the Kingdom of Spain, put forth an unrecognized referendum without democratic guarantees that resulted in a majority of "yes",^[103] a declaration of independence was passed in parliament, but it was suspended by parliament itself later to allow negotiations. Some claim eight seconds after it was declared.^[104] The Spanish government has effectively since disbanded the self-proclaimed republic, and announced a new regional election instead. Some of the Catalan leadership went to jail according to the Spanish Constitution of 1978.^[105]
Zaporizhzhia	2022	Disputed (de facto part of Russia, internationally recognised as part of Ukraine)	Zaporizhzhia region existed during the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine, proclaimed on 28 September 2022. On 30 September 2022, Russia's president Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions.
Kherson	2022		Kherson region, existed during the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine, proclaimed on 28 September 2022. On 30 September 2022, Russia's president Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions.

Oceania

19th century

Name	Period	Today	Notes
United Tribes of New Zealand	1835–1840	Now part of New Zealand	Independence declared by British Resident James Busby and northern Māori tribal leaders as an attempt to safeguard British claims against French territorial expansion. Led to a formal treaty (the Treaty of Waitangi) between Māori leaders and the British crown in 1840.
Kingdom of Fiji	1852–1871	Now recognized	Created by Fijian chief Seru Cakobau, who styled himself the king of Fiji. His claim was not recognized by the other chiefs of Fiji, leading to almost 20 years of warfare until Cakobau finally succeeded in unifying the island.
Kingdom of Easter Island	1868–1876	Now part of Chile	Formed by French sailor Jean-Baptiste Dutrou-Bornier, who bought up much of the severely depopulated Easter Island, and declared his indigenous wife to be its Queen. The kingdom ceased to exist after Dutrou-Bornier's death, with a remaining population of only 111 people.
Kingdom of Rapa Nui	1888–1914	Now part of Chile	An independence movement in Rapa Nui (Easter Island). Due to a misunderstanding in the Chilean treaty of annexation, the islanders believed they retained their sovereignty. King Riro Kāinga attempted to negotiate the island's continued sovereignty with Chile, but died under mysterious circumstances. Several other Rapa Nuians declared themselves kings, such as Enrique Ika, Moisés Tuʻu Hereveri, and María Angata
Kingdom of Raiatea-Tahaa	1888–1897	Now part of French Polynesia	A Polynesian kingdom that resisted the French annexation of the Leeward Islands. The King of Raiatea, Tamatoa VI, requested a French protectorate, but many of the lesser chiefs refused to comply with French authority and deposed Tamatoa. This led to a resistance government being set up with Queen Tuarii installed on the throne.
Kingdom of Huahine	1888–1894		A Polynesian kingdom that resisted the French annexation of the Leeward Islands. Queen Tehaapapa II acquiesced to French annexation, and like in Raiatea, an anti-French insurrection rose up to rally around a rebel government with the Queen's daughter, Teuhe, installed on the throne.
Kingdom of Bora Bora	1888–1895		A Polynesian kingdom that resisted the French annexation of the Leeward Islands. Unlike in Raiatea and Huahine, Bora Bora remained officially neutral, but due to the war in the rest of the Leewards Islands, the French weren't able to take control over the kingdom until 1895.
Independent Commune of Franceville	1889–1890	Now part of Vanuatu	Its independence guaranteed by France, this community of Melanesian natives and European settlers experimented with universal suffrage until France and Britain intervened in the New Hebrides.^[106]
Provisional Government of Hawaii	1893–1894	Now part of the United States^[107]
Republic of Hawaii	1894–1898	Now part of the United States^[107]

20th and 21st centuries

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Republic of West Papua	1961–1962, 1971, 1988	Now part of Indonesia	Many West Papuans demanded a new referendum on the region's status because only around 1,000 of almost 1 million Papuans were consulted in the Act of Free Choice, when West Papua was absorbed into Indonesia. Both West Papuan insurgents and Indonesian military have committed acts of violence against civilians, including an incident in the late 1960s where Indonesian personnel forced 50 men to dig their own grave before killing them.^[108] ^[109]
Bougainville Interim Government	1990–1998	Now part of Papua New Guinea	Signed a peace deal with Papua New Guinea giving the island autonomy pending an independence referendum within a decade.

Notes

^ While there is less armed conflict in Africa political violence increases. "Open-source conflict data is increasingly used to supplement reporting and analysis of trends in instability in Africa. A number of recent global reports, including the OECD States of Fragility 2016: Understanding Violence, use conflict data to show changes in conflict type, actors, tactics and intensity across and within countries over time".^[5]

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[6] While there is less armed conflict in Africa political violence increases. "Open-source conflict data is increasingly used to supplement reporting and analysis of trends in instability in Africa. A number of recent global reports, including the OECD States of Fragility 2016: Understanding Violence, use conflict data to show changes in conflict type, actors, tactics and intensity across and within countries over time".^[5]

[1] Atuobi, Samuel Mondays. "Corruption and State Instability in West Africa: An Examination of Policy Options" (PDF). Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC). p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 22, 2021. Retrieved April 12, 2022. Until independence, the opportunities for self-enrichment were limited; the principal beneficiaries of colonial rule were the European elite, officials and businessmen, enjoying a lifestyle which the Africa elite aspired to emulate but were largely prevented from reaching. Independence unlocked the floodgate [of corruption]. Politicians used their public office to extract 'commissions' at every available opportunity. The common cut on government contracts in West Africa was 10 per cent. In numerous cases, prominent politicians simply looted the state treasury, transferring money to their private accounts.

[2] Dambisa Moyo (2009). Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa. Farrar, Straus and Giroux

[3] Mutize, Misheck (8 August 2017). "Why South Africa shouldn't turn to the IMF for help". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2020-03-26. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

[4] Rayner, Gordon (27 September 2011). "Is your mobile phone helping fund war in Congo?". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2018.

[5] "Less armed conflict but more political violence in Africa". The Institute for Security Studies (ISS). 12 April 2017. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.

[7] Avi Brooks, Lonny (February 21, 2019). "The 21st century belongs to China—but the 22nd will be Africa's". Quartz. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.

[8] "African Economic Outlook 2019". The Infrastructure Consortium for Africa. Archived from the original on 2020-03-26. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

[9] ttps://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00147-EN.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}

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List of historical unrecognized states

Criteria for inclusion

Africa

18th and 19th centuries

20th and 21st centuries

Americas

17th to 19th centuries

20th and 21st centuries

Asia

17th to 19th centuries

20th and 21st centuries

Europe

10th to 19th centuries

20th and 21st centuries

Oceania

19th century

20th and 21st centuries

See also

Notes

References