Vocabulario indoeuropeo
La siguiente es una tabla de muchas de las palabras y raíces más fundamentales de las lenguas protoindoeuropeas (PIE), con sus cognados en todas las principales familias de descendientes.
Notas
Se utilizan las siguientes convenciones:
- Los cognados se dan en general en la lengua más antigua y bien documentada de cada familia, aunque se dan formas en lenguas modernas para familias en las que las etapas más antiguas de las lenguas están poco documentadas o no difieren significativamente de las lenguas modernas. Además, se dan formas modernas del inglés con fines comparativos.
- Los sustantivos se dan en su caso nominativo, y el caso genitivo se proporciona entre paréntesis cuando su raíz difiere de la del nominativo. (En algunos idiomas, especialmente el sánscrito, se proporciona la raíz básica en lugar del nominativo).
- Los verbos se dan en su "forma de diccionario". La forma exacta depende del idioma específico:
- Para las lenguas germánicas y para el galés , se da el infinitivo .
- Para el latín , las lenguas bálticas y las lenguas eslavas , se da la primera persona del singular del presente de indicativo, con el infinitivo entre paréntesis.
- Para el griego , el irlandés antiguo , el armenio y el albanés (moderno), solo se da la primera persona del singular del presente de indicativo.
- En sánscrito , avéstico , persa antiguo y parto , se utiliza la tercera persona del singular del presente de indicativo. Cuando es útil, se proporcionan las formas de las raíces sánscritas utilizando el símbolo √ .
- Para el tocario , se da la raíz.
- Para el hitita , se da la tercera persona del singular del presente indicativo o la raíz.
- En lugar del latín, a veces se da un cognado osco o umbro cuando no existe un cognado latino correspondiente. De manera similar, a veces se puede dar un cognado de otra lengua anatolia (por ejemplo, luviano , licio ) en lugar del hitita o además de él.
- Para el tocario, se dan los cognados tocario A y tocario B siempre que sea posible.
- En el caso de las lenguas celtas , se dan cognados tanto del irlandés antiguo como del galés cuando es posible. En el caso del galés, normalmente se da la forma moderna , pero en ocasiones se proporciona la forma del galés antiguo cuando se conoce y muestra características importantes que se han perdido en la forma moderna. Se da un cognado del irlandés medio cuando se desconoce la forma del irlandés antiguo , y en ocasiones se pueden dar cognados del galo , el córnico o el bretón (modernos) en lugar del galés o además de él.
- Para las lenguas bálticas , se dan cognados del lituano ( moderno) y del prusiano antiguo cuando es posible. (Se incluyen tanto el lituano como el prusiano antiguo porque el lituano a menudo incluye información que falta en el prusiano antiguo, por ejemplo, debido a la falta de tildes escritas en este último). De manera similar a la situación celta, las formas del lituano antiguo pueden ocasionalmente darse en lugar del lituano moderno; el letón (moderno) puede ocasionalmente darse en lugar del lituano o además del mismo.
- En el caso de las lenguas eslavas , se dan, cuando es posible, formas afines del antiguo eslavo eclesiástico . En ocasiones, se pueden dar formas de lenguas eslavas modernas u otros dialectos eslavos eclesiásticos en lugar del antiguo eslavo eclesiástico.
- Para el inglés , se da un cognado inglés moderno cuando existe, junto con la forma inglés antiguo correspondiente ; de lo contrario, solo se da una forma inglés antiguo.
- En el caso del gótico , a veces se da una forma en otra lengua germánica ( nórdico antiguo , alto alemán antiguo o alto alemán medio ) en su lugar o además, cuando revela características importantes.
Parentesco
| PASTEL | Inglés | gótico | latín | Griego antiguo | Sanskrit | iraní | eslavo | báltico | céltico | armenio | albanés | Tocario | hitita |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *méh₂tēr "madre"[a][1][2] | madre (< OE mōdor ) | mōdar "madre" | māter "madre" ⇒ [nota 1] | mḗtēr "madre" ⇒ [nota 2] | mā́tṛ, mātṛ́ "madre" | Av mātar- "madre"; NPers mādar "madre"; Mak "madre" kurda | OCS mati, mater- "madre" | Lith móteris "mujer", motina ; OPrus muti "madre" | Galia. mātīr "madre", | mayr "madre" | motor "hermana" | A mācar , B mācer "madre" | |
| *ph₂tḗr "padre" [3][4][5] | padre (< OE fæder ) | fadar "padre" | pater "padre" ⇒ [nota 3] | patḗr "padre" (> patriarca ) | pitṛ́ "padre"; Pitrs "espíritus de los antepasados" (lit. "los padres") | Av pitar- (nom. también pta, ta ), OPers pita "padre", NPers pedar | otets "padre" ruso | OIr athair "padre"; Galés edrydd "dominio paterno" | Hayr "padre" | atë "padre" | A pācar , B pācer "padre" | ||
| *bʰréh₂tēr "hermano"[6][7][8] | hermano (< OE brōþor ) | brōþar "hermano" | frāter "hermano" ⇒ [nota 4] | pʰrā́tēr "miembro de una fratría (hermandad)" (> fratría ) | bʰrā́tṛ "hermano"; Rom phral "hermano" (> pal ) [9] [10] [c] | Av brātar- , OPers brātar- , NPers brādar- , osetio ärvád "hermano, pariente", NPers barādar , kurdo bira/birader | OCS bratrŭ "hermano" | Lith brõlis , OPrus brati "hermano" | Galia Bratronos (nombre personal); [11] OIr bráthair , W brawd (pl. brodyr ) "hermano" | ełbayr (gen. ełbawr ) "hermano" | A pracar , B procer "hermano" | Lyd brafr(-sis) "hermano" [12] | |
| *swésōr "hermana"[13][14][8] | hermana (< OE sweostor , influenciada por ON systir ) | swistar "hermana" | soror "hermana" ⇒ [nota 5] | Éor "hija de la prima" | svásṛ "hermana" | Av x̌vaŋhar- "hermana"; NPers ḫwāhar "hermana"; Kurdo xwişk "hermana" [d] | OCS sestra "hermana" | Lith sesuo, seser- , OPrus sestra "hermana" | Galia suiorebe "con dos hermanas" ( dual ) [15] | kʿuyr (kʿiṙ) , nom. pl kʿur-kʿ "hermana" [e] | vashë , vajzë "niña" (< *varjë < *vëharë < PAlb *swesarā ) | A ṣar' , B ṣer "hermana" | |
| *somo-ph₂tōr "hermano, lit. mismo padre(a)" [3][4][5] | Sobre samfeðra | homopátor | OP hamapitar- | Un somapacar | |||||||||
| *dʰugh₂tḗr "hija"[16][17][18][19] | hija (< OE dohtor ) | daúhtar "hija" | Futír osco "hija" | θugátēr "hija"; Myc tu-ka-te "hija" [20] [f] | dúhitṛ "hija" | Av dugədar-, duɣδar- , NPers doḫtar "hija" Kurd dot "hija" | OCS dŭšti, dŭšter- "hija" | Lith duktė, dukter- , OPrus dukti "hija" | Galo duxtir "hija"; celta TuaTer ( duater ) "hija" [22] [23] [24] | dustr "hija" | A ckācar , B tkācer "hija" | HLuw túwatara "hija"; [25] ? Lyd datro "hija"; CLuw / Hitt duttarii̯ata- ; [g] Lyc kbatra "hija" [h] | |
| *suHnús "hijo" [30][31][32][33] (Véase también *sewh₁-) | hijo (< OE sunu ) | sunus "hijo" | huiós "hijo" | sūnú- "hijo" | De hunuš "hijo" | OCS sinónimo "hijo" | Lith sūnùs , OPrus suns "hijo" | ? Celtib EBURSUNOS "hijo de Eburos (?)" [i] [j] ? Celta / Lus EQUEUNUBO (< *ek w ei-sūnu-bʰos ) "a los hijos del caballo" [k] | ustr "hijo" | çun "niño/hijo" | A se , B soyä "hijo" [37] | ||
| *putló- "hijo" [32][38][39] | Osc puklo- "hijo" | país "hijo" | putrá- "hijo" | Av puθra "hijo" Pis kurdo , ponlo | |||||||||
| *(h₂)népōts "sobrino, nieto" [40][41] | sobrino ; obsoleto neve "sobrino, primo, nieto" (< OE nefa ) | OHG nevo "sobrino" | nepōs (nepōtis) "nieto, sobrino" ⇒ [nota 6] | népodes "descendientes" | nápāt- "nieto, descendiente" | Av napāt-, naptar- , OPers napāt- , NPers naveh- , "nieto, descendiente"; Kurdo nevî "nieto" | OCS netii "sobrino" | OLith nepotis , OPrus neputs "nieto" | OIr nïa "hijo de la hermana", W nai "sobrino" | nip "nieto, sobrino" | |||
| *(h₂)néptih₂ "nieta, sobrina" | sobrina ; obsoleto nift "sobrina" (< OE nift ) | OHG nift "sobrina" | Neptis "nieta" | naptī́ "nieta" | OIr necht "sobrina" | ||||||||
| *dayh₂wḗr "hermano del marido, cuñado" | OE tācor "hermano del marido" | OHG zeihhor "hermano del marido" | Levir "hermano del marido" | dāēr "hermano del marido" | devṛ́, devará "hermano del marido" | Pasado lewar "cuñado" | OCS děverĭ "cuñado" | Lith dieveris "hermano del marido" | W daw(f) "cuñado" | taygr , tekʿr "hermano del marido" | dhëndër , dhëndër "yerno" de PAlb *ĝāmtḗr- o *dzanra o *jantura- . Todo en última instancia del protoindoeuropeo *ǵem- (“casarse”). | ||
| *snusós "nuera" | OE snoru "nuera" | OHG snur "nuera" | nurus "nuera" | nuós "nuera" | snuṣā- "nuera" | Ir. antiguo *(s)nušáh ασνωυο bactriano (asnōuo) NPers. sunoh / sunhār "nuera" | OCS snŭxa "nuera" | W gwaudd "nuera" | nu "nuera" | nuse "novia" | B santse "nuera" [l] | ||
| *wedʰ- "prometer, atar, asegurar, conducir"[43] | casarse (< OE weddian "prometer, casarse") | vadhū́ "novia" | OCS voditi "para liderar" | ||||||||||
| *swéḱuros "suegro" | OE swēor "suegro" | swaihra "suegro" | socer "suegro" | hekurós "suegro" | śváśura "suegro" | Av xᵛasura "suegro" Xwesûr kurdo | OCS svekrŭ "suegro" | Lith šešuras "suegro" | skesrayr "suegro" | vjehërr "suegro" | |||
| *sweḱrúh₂ "suegra" | OE sweger "suegra" | swaihro "suegra" | socrus "suegra" | hekurá "suegra" | śvaśrū́- "suegra" | Pasado xwāše "suegra" xwesû kurdo | OCS svekry "suegra" | Lith šešuras "suegro", OPrus swasri "suegra" | W chwegr "suegra" | skesur "suegra" | vjehrrë "suegra" | ||
| *h₂éwh₂os "abuelo materno, tío materno" | awō "abuela" | avus "abuelo"; avunculus "tío materno" ⇒ [nota 7] | Rus uj , vuj "tío" (obsoleto); Ukr vuyko "tío materno" [44] | Lith avynas "tío materno", OPrus awis "tío" | MW ewythr , MBre eontr , MCo evitar "tío materno" (< PCelt awon-tīr "tío"); OIr aue "descendiente, nieto" [45] | OArm haw "abuelo" | Bāwe " abuelo " | ḫuḫḫa- , Lyc χuga- "abuelo"; CLuw ḫu-u-ḫa-ti "abuelo" (abl.-ins.) [46] | |||||
| *yemH- "gemelo; sostener"[47][48] | SOBRE Ymir | gémino "gemelo"; Remus "gemelo, Remus" | yáma- "gemelo; primer hombre en morir" | Av Yemá | OIr emon , Galia Iemurioi "¿gemelo?" [49] | ||||||||
| *h₁widʰéwh₂ "viuda" <*h₁weydʰh₁-"separar"[m][50] | viuda (< OE widwe ) | widuwō "viuda" | vidua "viuda" | ēḯtheos "viuda" | vidhávā "viuda" | viδauua "viuda" | OCS vŭdova "viuda" | OP widdewū "viuda" | OI feedb "viuda"; MW gweddw "viuda, viudo" | vejë "viuda" |
Gente
| PASTEL | Inglés | gótico | latín | Griego antiguo | Sanskrit | iraní | eslavo | báltico | céltico | armenio | albanés | Tocario | hitita |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *mon- "seres humanos" | hombre (< OE "Mann") | maná "seres humanos" | Amazona < *n̥-mn̥-g (w) -iōn 'sin hombre, sin marido' (discutible) | manuṣya "ser humano" | De manuš "humano" | OES / OCS significa "hombre" | |||||||
| *dʰǵʰemṓn "persona, humano (lit. de la tierra)" (Véase también *dʰeǵʰom-) | OE guma "persona, hombre", brȳd guma "novio " [ n] | guma "hombre" | homo "persona" ⇒ [nota 8] | khthōn "la tierra" (> autóctono ); khamai "sobre el suelo" | kṣám , gen. gmás/jmás "tierra, tierra" | OCS zem(l)janinъ "terrícola" | OLith žmuõ "persona"; Lith žmoná "esposa"; OPrus zmunents "humano" | OIr duine , W dyn "persona" < *dʰĝʰom-yo- | A śom "niño"; B śaumo "persona" | ||||
| *h₂ner- "hombre, héroe" | SOBRE Njǫrðr (nombre de un dios) | Ner -ō (nombre personal), neriōsus "fuerte" | anḗr (andros) "hombre" (> Andreas, Andrew ) | nár- (nom. nā ) "hombre, persona" | Av nar- (nom. nā ) "hombre, persona", Pasado nar "masculino, valiente" NPers nar- , kurdo nêr "animal macho, masculino" | OCS naravŭ "carácter, costumbre"; | Lith nóras "deseo, deseo", narsa ; narsùs "valiente"; OPrus nàrs "coraje" | W nêr "señor, príncipe, líder; héroe"; Celta narto "fuerza" | ayr (aṙn) "hombre, persona" | njer "hombre, persona" | |||
| *wiHrós "hombre" | eran lobos (< OE wer "hombre") | waír "hombre" | vir "hombre" ⇒ [nota 9] | hiérāx "un tipo de halcón" | vīrá- "hombre, héroe" | Av vīra- "hombre, héroe", kurdo mêr | Belar ( Smolensk ) significa "un rito de paso de los jóvenes a la edad adulta"; ( Mogilev ) significa "una fiesta o comida organizada por un joven, después de llegar a la edad adulta, para sus compañeros" [p] | Lith výras "hombre"; OPrus wirs "hombre, marido" | OIr fer , W gŵr "hombre" | burrë "hombre" | Somos "jovenes " | ||
| *gʷḗn "mujer, esposa" | reina (< OE cwēn "reina, mujer, esposa") | qēns (qēnáis), qinō "mujer, esposa" | gunḗ [q] (gunaikos) [r] "mujer, esposa" < *gʷ u n-eh₂ (> ginecología ); Boet baná "mujer"; Myc ku-na-ja ( gunaia ) | gnā (gnā́s-) "esposa de un dios", jánis, jánī "mujer, esposa" | Av gǝnā, γnā, ǰaini- , Pasado jinə́i , njlə́i "niña"; NPers zan "mujer, esposa"; Kurda jin "mujer, esposa" | OCS žena "mujer, esposa" | OPrus gena "mujer, esposa" | Galia bnanom "de las mujeres" (g. pl.); [54] OIr ben (mná) "mujer, esposa" < *gʷén-eH₂ ( *gʷn-eH₂-s ) , bé (neut.) "esposa < *gʷén ; W benyw "mujer" | kin (knoǰ) "mujer" | zonjë "dama, esposa, mujer" < *gʷen-yeH₂ ; Gheg grue , Tosk grua "esposa" < *gʷn-ōn | A śäṁ (pl. śnu ), B śana "mujer, esposa" | Hitt ku(w)an(a) "mujer"; [55] Luw wanatti "mujer, esposa"; Lyd kãna- "esposa", [56] "mujer" [57] | |
| *pótis "amo, gobernante, esposo" [50] | -faþs "señor, líder" | potis "capaz, capaz, posible" | pósis "marido" | pati "amo, esposo, gobernante" | Av paiti , mascota parta , OPers fáti "maestro, señor, marido, comandante" | OCS gos podĭ "señor, amo" | Lith acaricia a su "marido" | hay "marido, jefe de familia" | pata "en posesión de algo" | ||||
| *déms pótis "dueño de la casa" | despótēs "señor, amo, dueño" (> déspota ); despoina (< *dés-pot-ni̯a ) "dama" (fem. de déspotas ) | dámpati "señor de la casa; (dual) marido y mujer"; patír dán [58] | də̃ṇg paitiś "señor" [59] | ||||||||||
| *gʰóstis "huésped, anfitrión, extraño" [60] | huésped (< OE giest ); anfitrión < Lat. hostis; hospital , hostal , hotel < Lat. hospes | Gasts "invitado" | hostis "extraño, invitado"; hostīlis "hostil"; hospes, hospit- "anfitrión, huésped, visitante" < hostipotis < PIE *gʰóstipotis ( *gʰóstis + *pótis ) | OCS gostĭ "invitado"; gospodĭ "señor, amo" < PIE *gʰóstipotis | |||||||||
| *weyḱ- "asentamiento, entrar, establecerse" [43] | -mecha, -que < Lat. vīcus | weihs "pueblo, campo" | vīcus "aldea, asentamiento" | oîkos "casa, morada"; oiko·nomía "gestión de la administración del hogar" (> economía ) | viś "asentamiento, espacio de vivienda" | OCS vĭsĭ "aldea, pueblo" | Olith viešė "asentamiento" | vis "tierra, país, lugar" | Bīke "lugar , ubicación" | ||||
| *wiḱpótis "amo de la casa; señor, jefe del clan" [61][62] | viśpáti | Lith viēšpats "señor" | |||||||||||
| *h₃rḗǵs "rey, gobernante" [63] | obispo ric , rico (< OE rīċe "rey, dominio") | reiks , -ric (en nombres personales) "rey" | rēx, rēg- "rey" ⇒ [nota 10] | rāj-, rājan "rey" (> maharajá, Raj (como en el Raj británico )) | Galia *rīx "rey" (En nombres personales. P. ej., Vercingeto rix , etc.) | ||||||||
| *tewtéh₂ "comunidad, gente"[s][t][67][68] | OE þeod "pueblo, nación" | Gótico thiuda "folk"; ModGerm Deutsch < Proto-Germ * þeudō | Osc touto "comunidad"; Umbr totam "tribu" | [tú] | Lith tautà "gente"; OPru tauto "país" | OIr tuath "tribu, pueblo" (por ejemplo, Tuatha Dé Danann "tribu de la diosa Danu"); Celta Toutatis (Teutates) "nombre de un dios" | ? Hitt tuzzi- "ejército"; ? Luw tuta "ejército" | ||||||
| *h₁lewdʰ- "gente" | OE leode , lēod "un pueblo, un grupo, una nación", | OHG significa "gente, población" | Protoitálico *louðeros > latín līber "libre; nombre de una deidad ", falisco loiferto ; pael loufir "hombre libre"; ven louderos "niño"; | eleútheros "libre", Eleutherios "el liberador (epíteto de Dioniso)"; Myc e-re-u-te-ro/a "una asignación gratuita", e-re-u-te-ro-se "hacer libre, remitir" [70] | OCS ljudinŭ "hombre libre"; Pol lud "gente, pueblo" | Lith liaudis "gente" |
Pronombres y partículas
| PASTEL | Inglés | gótico | latín | Griego antiguo | Sanskrit | iraní | eslavo | báltico | céltico | armenio | albanés | Tocario | hitita |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *éǵh₂ "yo" | yo (< OE iċ ) | yo soy "yo" | ego "yo" < *egoH₂ | egṓ, egṓn "yo" | ahám "yo" < *egH₂-om | Av azǝm , OPers adam , Parth. az "I" < *egH₂-om ; Kurd ez "Yo (caso directo)" | OCS azŭ "yo" | Lith àš , OLith eš , OPrus as , Latv es "I" | es "yo" | es "yo" | u , unë "yo" (-në posiblemente originalmente un sufijo) | ñuk "yo" | ūk "yo" influenciado por ammuk "mí" |
| *h₁me "yo (acc.)" | yo (< OE mē , mec < *H₁me-ge ) | mik "yo (acc.)" | mē(d) "yo (acc.)" | emé, yo "yo (acc.)" | mām "yo (acc.)" < *H₁mē-m , mā "yo (acc. encl.)" | De mamá "yo" Kurdo mi "yo" Pasado mā "yo [caso oblicuo]" | OCS mę "yo (acc.)" < *H₁mē-m | Lith manè "yo (acc.)" | OIr me-sse, mé , W mi "yo" | es "yo (acc.)" <? *H₁me-ge | mua, mue "yo (acc.)" < *H₁mē-m | ammuk "yo (acc., dat.)" < *H₁me-ge , -mu "yo (acc. encl.)" | |
| *h₁meǵʰye "yo (dat.)", *(h₁)moy "yo (dat. encl.)" | yo (< OE mē ) | mi "yo (dat.)" | mihi "yo (dat.)" | yo "yo (fecha, adj. gen.)" | máhya(m) "yo (dat.)", mḗ, yo "yo (dat. encl.)" | Av maibya "me (dat.)" (? no en pokorny), me ( avéstico antiguo moi ) "me (dat. incl.)" | OCS mi (dat enc.) < *(H₁)moi | Lith man "para mí", OPrus maiy "yo (dat. adjunto)" | OIr infijo -m- "yo"; W -'m pronombre acusativo infijo en primera persona del singular "yo" | inj "yo (dat.)" | Meje | ammuk "yo (acc., dat.)" < *h₁me-ge , -mi "yo (dat. encl.)" | |
| *h₁meme-, *h₁mene- "de mí, mío"; *h₁mo-yo-, *h₁me-yo- "mío" | mi, mio (< OE mīn < *H₁mei-no- ) | meins "mi"; meina "de mí" | meī "de mí"; meus "mi" < *H₁me-yo- | emeĩo "de mí"; emós "mi" | mamá "de mí"; ma/mā "mi" < *H₁mo- | Av mana , OPers manā "de mí"; Av ma (m/n), mā (f) "mi", NPers az āne man- ; Kurdo a/ê min | OCS mene "para mí", moj/a/e (m/f/n) "mío" | Lith mana(s) , OPrus mais/maia "mi" | W fy n "de mí, mío"; bretón ma "de mí, mío" | soy "mi" | soy "mi" (artículo i + em ) | AB ñi "mi" < Proto-Tocario *mäñi | miš "mi" < *H₁me-yo- |
| *túh₂ "tú" (nom. sing.) | tú (< OE þū "tú") | þu "tú" | tū "tú" | Tú dórico ( sú estándar ) | t(u)vám "tú"; | Av tū "tú" Pasado de "tú" | Gracias OCS "tú" | Lith tù , OPr tu "tú" | OIr tū, tu-ssu, tu-sso , W ti | tu "tu" | ti "tú" | A tu , B t(u)we "tú" | zik, zikka "tú" < *tega < *te + *egō |
| *wéy "nosotros"; *n̥smé ,encl. *nosotros "nosotros" | nosotros (< OE wē ), nosotros (< OE ūs < PGerm *uns < *n̥s ) | weis "nosotros", uns "nos" | nōs "nosotros" | hēm- "nosotros"; [v] Aeol ámme "nosotros" < *asme < *n̥sme | vay-ám "nosotros" < *wei-óm , asmān "nosotros" < *n̥sme + acc. -ān , encl. nas "nosotros" < *nos | Av vaēm "nosotros", ahma "nos", encl. nǝ̄, nā̊, nō "nosotros" | Bulg nìe "nosotros", OCS gen. nasŭ "nosotros" < *nōs-sōm | Lith mès "nosotros"; OPR gen. nōuson "nuestro" < *nōs-sōm | OIr ni "nosotros, nos" <? *s-nēs , gen. ar n- < *n̥s-rō-m ; W ni "nosotros" < *nēs | na "nosotros" < *nŏs , ne "nosotros" < *nōs | A era , B era "nosotros" | wēs "nosotros" < *wei-es , anzāš "nos", encl. naš "nosotros" | |
| *yū́ "tú (nom. pl.)"; *uswé, *usmé ,[71] encl. *wos "tú (acc./dat. pl.)" | ye (< OE gē "tú (nom. pl.)"), usted (< OE ēow [w] "tú (acc./dat. pl.)") | jūs "tú (nom. pl.)", izwis [w] "tú (acc./dat. pl.)" | vōs "tú (nom./acc. pl.)" | hum- "vosotros (pl.)"; Aeo úmme "vosotros (acc. pl.)" < *usme | yūyám "tú (nom. pl.)", yuṣmā́n "tú (acc. pl.)" < y- + *usme + acc. -ān , encl. vas "tú (obl. pl.)" | Av yūžǝm, yūš "tú (nom. pl.)", yūšmat̃ "tú (abl. pl.)", encl. vā̊ "tú (obl. pl.)"; Kur Win | OCS vy "tú (nom./acc. pl.)", vasŭ "tuyo (pl.)" | Lith jũs "tú (nom. pl.)", jũsų "tuyo (pl.)"; OPr iouson "tuyo (pl.)" | OIr sī, sissi "tú (nom. pl.)" < *sw- , uai-b "de ti (pl.)" < *ō-swī , NIr far n- "tu (pl.)"; W chwi "tú (pl. nom.)" < *sw- | ju "tú (nom. pl.)" < *u < *vos | A yas , B sí "tú (nom. pl.)" | sumas < *usme | |
| *só "eso" (pronombre demostrativo) | el (< OE se ), aquel (< OE þæt ), allí (< OE þēr, þǣr, þār ) | sa , þata "el", "eso" | sī "si", tum "entonces" | ho , a "el" | sá "que, el" | Avestan ha "esto" | OCS tŭ "esto, aquello" | Lith tàs "que" | O sea, "esto" | ayd "esto" | tërë "entero" | ||
| *s(w)e- "uno mismo"; (pronombre reflexivo) | yo mismo (< OE yo mismo , yo mismo ) | swes (ref. gn. pn.), OHG sih (ref. pn.) | sē (ref. pn.) | hé (ref. pn.) | sva- (ref. pn.) | Avestan hva- (ref. pn.) Kurdo xwe "él mismo, yo mismo, etc." | Bulg sèbe "uno mismo", OCS svoji (ref. gn. pn.) | Lith sava(s) , OPrus swajs "mío, yo mismo" | OIr fein (uno mismo, él mismo); W hun(an) "uno mismo, yo mismo, él mismo/ella misma, etc." | yo mismo, él mismo/ella misma | vete | A ṣn-i , B ṣañ "(el propio)" | Lydian s'fa- (ref. pn.), Carian sfes (ref. pn.) |
| *kʷíd, kʷód "qué" | ¿Qué? (< OE hwæt ) | ƕa "qué" | quid "¿qué?", quod "qué…, eso…" | tí "¿qué?", tì "qué…" | kím "qué" | NPers či, če "qué" | Bulg kakvò "¿qué?", OCS čь-to "¿qué?" | Lith kàd "que..."; OPrus kawids "que, qué" | OIr cid "¿qué?" | *i (ēr) ( < *hola ), inčʿ ( < *hola-nč' ) "¿qué?" | çfarë "¿qué?" | kuit (?) "qué", kuit-ki "lo que sea"; Luvian kuit "¿qué?" | |
| *kʷís, kʷós, kʷéy/kʷóy "quién" | quien (< OE hwā < *kʷoi ) | ¿Como "quien?" | quis "¿quién?", quī "quién..." | tís , Thess kís , CyprArc sís "¿quién?", tìs "quién..." | kás, kís "¿quién?" | Av kō (ka-hyā, ča-hyā) "¿quién?, ¿cuál?", čiš "quién" | Bulg kòj "quién", OCS kъ-to (česo) "¿quién?" | Lith kàs "¿quién?"; OPrus kas "¿quién?" | OIr cia , W pwy "quién" | o (oyr) "¿quién?" "¿OMS?" | "A" kë "B" kush acc. "¿quién?" | A kus , B k u se "quién, cuál" | kuiš "quien, cual" |
| *-kʷe "y; cualquier" | aunque gh (< OE þeah < *to-we-kʷe ) | -(u)h "y", ƕaz-uh "quienquiera" | -que "y", quis-que "cada uno, quienquiera"; venético -ke "y"; piceno del sur -p "y" | -te "y", tís te, hós-te "quien" | -ca "y", káś-ca "quienquiera" | Av ča , OPers čā "y"; Av čiš-ca , OPers čiš-čiy "quienquiera" | Bulg če "pero y porque"; Checo antiguo a-če , ač "si" | OIr na-ch , MW nac "no" < "*y no"; [x] Lepóntico -pe "y" | o-kʿ "quienquiera" | el "y" | Lidio -k "y"; Hitt kuis-ki , licio ti-ke "quienquiera" | ||
| *n̥- "no, des-" | un- (< OE un- ) | un- "un-" | en- (arcaico en- ) "un-" | a-, an- "un-" | a-, an-, na- "un-" | Av , OPers a-, an- "un-", NPers nā- "un-" Kurdo ni/ne/nek | OCS ne- "no" < *ne- | Lith ne- < *ne- , OPrus ni- "no" | OIr en-, ē-, an- , W an- "un-" | un- "un-" | nuk "no" | AB a(n)-, am-, e(n)-, em-, on- "un-" |
Números
| PASTEL | Inglés | gótico | latín | Griego antiguo | Sanskrit | iraní | eslavo | báltico | céltico | armenio | albanés | Tocario | hitita |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *sem- "uno, juntos" | igual (< ON samr ); OE sam- "juntos"; [también alemán zusammen ] | sama "mismo" | sem-el "una vez", sem-per "siempre", sim-plex "único, simple", sin-gulī "uno cada uno, único" | heĩs, hén, mía "uno" < *sems, *sem, *smiH₂ | sam- "juntos", samá "mismo, igual, cualquiera" | Av hama- , OPers hama- "cualquiera, todos" Pasado sam "incluso, bien" | OCS samŭ "uno mismo, solo, uno" | Lith sam-, są- "con"; OPrus sa-, sen- "con, dividiendo" | OIr samlith "al mismo tiempo"; W hafal "igual" | mi "uno" | gjithë “todos” < PAlb *semdza | A sas , B ṣe "uno" < *sems | |
| *(h₁)óynos, (h₁)óywos "uno" | uno (< OE ān ) | ains "uno" | ūnus (arcaico oinos ) | oĩnos "uno (en un dado)", oĩ(w)os "solo" | ( ēka- < *oi-ko- ; Mitanni-Aryan aika-vartana "una vuelta (alrededor de una pista)") [72] | Av aēva- , OPers aiva- , ( NPers yek- "uno, solo, solo") | OCS inŭ "uno, otro" | Lith víenas , OPrus ains "uno" | OIr ōen , W un "uno" | andr-ēn "allí mismo", ast-ēn "aquí mismo" | ? Gheg tânë , Tosk tërë "todos" < PIE *tod-oino- ; ??? një "uno" < *ňân < PIE *eni-oino- [y] | B -aiwenta "grupo" < "*unidad" | como "uno" |
| *dwóh₁ , neutro. *dwóy(H₁) "dos" | dos (< OE twā ) | twái (fem. twōs , neut. twa ) "dos" | dúo "dos" | dúō "dos" | dvā́(u) "dos" | Av dva , fem. neutro. baē "dos"; Los NPers hacen "dos"; Kurdo diwa "dos (fem.)" | OCS dŭva "dos" | Lith dù , OPrus dwai "dos" | OIr da , W dau (fem. dwy ) "dos" | erku "dos" | dy "dos" | A wu , B wi "dos" (< PTC *tuwó) | datos- ; HLuw tuwa/i- "dos"; Lyc kbi- "dos"; mil tba "dos" [z] [74] |
| *tréyes (fem. *tisres ,[75]neut. *tríH₂ ) "tres" | tres (< OE þrīe ) | þreis "tres" | trēs "tres" | tres "tres" | tráyas (fem. tisrás ) "tres" | Av θrayō, θrayas (fem. tisrō , neut. θri ), OPers çi- , Parth hrē "tres" | OCS trĭje "tres" | Lith trỹs , OPrus tris , Latg treis "tres" | OIr trí (fem. téoir ), W tri (fem. tair, teir ) "tres" | erekʿ "tres" | tre masculino, tri femenino "tres" | A tre , B trai "tres" | tri- "tres"; teriyas- (pl. gen.) |
| *kʷetwóres (fem. *kʷétesres , neut. *kʷetwṓr ) "cuatro" | cuatro (< OE fēower ) | fidwor "cuatro" (en germánico influenciado por pénkʷe "cinco") | quattuor "cuatro" [aa] | téssares "cuatro" | masc. catvā́ras (acc. catúras ), neut. catvā́ri , fem. cátasras "cuatro" | Av masc. čaθwārō (acc. čaturąm ), fem. čataŋrō "cuatro"; NPers čahār "cuatro"; kurdo çwar | OCS četyre "cuatro" | Lith keturì , OPrus ketturei "cuatro" [ab] | Galia petuar[ios] "cuatro" [54] OIr ceth(a)ir (fem. cethēoir , influenciado por fem. tēoir "tres") "cuatro"; W pedwar (fem. pedair ) "cuatro" | čʿorkʿ , kʿaṙ (raro) "cuatro | katër "cuatro" | A śtwar , B śtwer "cuatro" | (remodelado en hitita y luvita) Liceo Teteri |
| *pénkʷe "cinco" | cinco (< OE fīf ) | fimf "cinco" | quīnque "cinco" [ac] | pente "cinco" | páñca "cinco"; Mitanni-ario panza- "cinco" [72] | Av panča "cinco"; kurdo pênc/pênz | OCS pętĭ "cinco" | Lith penkì , OPrus penkei "cinco" [anuncio] | Galia pinpe- , pompe "cinco" [54] | hing "cinco" | pese "cinco" | A päñ , B piś "cinco" | Luw paⁿta "cinco" |
| *swéḱs "seis" | seis (< OE siex ) | dice "seis" | sexo "seis" | héx , marcar wéx "seis" | ṣáṣ "seis" | Av xšvaš "seis" | OCS šestĭ "seis" | Lith šešì , OPrus uššai "seis" | Celtib demanda a "seis"; [54] | vecʿ "seis" | gjashtë "seis" | A ṣäk , B ṣkas "seis" | |
| *septḿ̥ "siete" | siete (< OE seofon ) | sibun "siete" | septem "siete" | heptá "siete" | saptá "siete"; mitanio-ario šatta- "siete" [72] | Av hapta , NPers haft- , "siete" | OCS sedmĭ "siete" | Lith septynì , OPrus septinnei "siete" | OIr secht , W dice "siete" | eawtʿn "siete" | shtatë "siete" | A ṣpät , B ṣukt "siete" | sipta- "siete" |
| *h₁oḱtṓ(w) "ocho" | ocho (< OE eahta ) | ahtáu "ocho" | octō "ocho" | oktṓ "ocho" | aṣṭā́(u) "ocho" | Av ašta "ocho" | OCS osmĭ "ocho" [ae] | Lith aštuonì , OPrus astonei , Latg ostoni "ocho" | Galia oxtu- "ocho" [54] | utʿ "ocho" | tetë "ocho" < *H₁ok̂tō-t- | A okät , B okt "ocho" | Lyc aitãta "ocho" [78] |
| *(h₁)néwn̥ "nueve" | nueve (< OE nigon ) | niun "nueve" | noviembre "nueve" | ennéa "nueve" | nava "nueve" | Av nava , NPers noh- "nueve" | OCS devętĭ "nueve" < *newn̥-ti- (Influenciado por dékm̥t "diez") | Lith devynì (influenciado por dékm̥t "diez"), OPrus newinei "nueve" | OIr noí n- , W naw "nueve" | posada "nueve" | nëntë "nueve" < *newn̥-ti- | AB ñu | Lyc nuñtãta "nueve" [79] |
| *déḱm̥t "diez" | diez (< OE tien ) | taíhun "diez" | decem "diez" | Déka "diez" | dáśa "diez" | Av dasa , NPers dah- "diez" | OCS no tiene "diez" | Lith dẽšimt , OPrus desimtan "diez" | Galia decam- "diez"; [54] | Tasn "diez" | dhjetë "diez" < *dék̂m̥t-i- | A śäk , B śak "diez" | [de] |
| *wídḱm̥ti(h₁) "veinte" < *dwi-dḱm̥t-i(h₁) "dos decenas" | (remodelado) | (remodelado) | vīgintī "veinte" | eíkosi "veinte" | viṁśatí "veinte", dviṁśatí "veinte" | Av vīsaiti , osetio insäi "veinte" | (remodelado) | Lith se escribe "veinte" | OIr fiche (fichet) , OW uceint "veinte" | kʿsan "veinte" | zet "veinte" | Una wiki , B ikäṃ "veinte" | |
| *ḱm̥tóm "cien" < *dḱm̥tóm | cien (< OE hund, cien-rojo ) | hunda (pl.) "cien" | centum "cien" | he-katón "cien" | śatám "cien" | Av satǝm "cien" | OCS sŭto "cien" | Lith šim̃tas , OPrus simtan "cien" | OIr cét , W no puede(n) "cien" | qind "cien" (posiblemente tomado del latín centum ) | A känt , B kante "cien" |
Cuerpo
| PASTEL | Inglés | gótico | latín | Griego antiguo | Sanskrit | iraní | eslavo | báltico | céltico | armenio | albanés | Tocario | hitita |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *krep- "cuerpo"[82][83] | (medio) riff (< OE hrif ) | corpus, corporis "cuerpo" ⇒ [nota 11] | kṛ́p "bella apariencia, belleza" | kurm “torso” y krep | |||||||||
| *káput ~ *kapwéts "cabeza"[84][85] | cabeza (< OE hēafod ); OE hafela, hafola "cabeza" | caput, capitis "cabeza" ⇒ [nota 12] | [Ah] | kapā́la "calavera, cráneo; cuenco" | Capilla "sombrero"; del latín caput | ||||||||
| *dáḱru , *h₂éḱru "lágrima" | lágrima (< OE tēar, tæhher ) | tagr "lágrima" | lacrima ( lacruma arcaica / dacrima ) "lágrima" (> lacrimosa ) | dákru "lágrima" | áśru "lágrima" | Av asrū- "lágrima"; Hêsir kurdo "lágrima" | OPrus assara "lágrima", Lith ašara "lágrima | OIr dēr , W deigr "lágrima"; Dagr de Cornualles "lágrima" | artawsr "lágrima" < *drak̂ur | A ākär "lágrima", B pl. akrūna "lágrimas" | isḫaḫru "lágrima" | ||
| *dn̥ǵʰuh₂-, *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂ "lengua" | lengua (< OE tunge ) | tuggō "lengua" | lingua "lengua" (arcaico dingua ) ⇒ [nota 13] | jihvā́ "lengua" < *ĝiĝʰwā , juhū́ | Av hizvā < *ĝiĝʰwā , OPers hizān , Parth ezβān "lengua", NPers zabān ; "Lengua" kurda de izman [86] | OCS języ-kŭ "lengua" < *n̥ĝʰū-k- | OPrus inzuws "lengua", Lith liežuvis "lengua" | teng "lengua"; W tafod "lengua, lenguaje" | lezu "lengua" (influenciado por lizem, "yo lamo") | gjuhë "lengua" | A käntu , B kantwo "lengua" ( *kantwa < *tankwa ) | ||
| *h₁ésh₂r̥, *h₁esh₂nés "sangre" | aser arcaico , sanguis "sangre" (< posiblemente h₁sh₂-én- obl. raíz + guen ) (> sanguíneo , etc.) | oído "sangre" | ásṛj, asnás "sangre" | OP ahr̥ "sangre" | Lat asins , Ltg asnis (gen. ašņa) "sangre" | īsarnom “color sangre, hierro” | ariwn "sangre" | Un ysār "sangre" | ēsḫar (esḫanas) "sangre" | ||||
| ǵ(o)nH₂dʰos "mandíbula, mejilla, barbilla" | barbilla (< OE c̣inn ) | kinnus "mejilla" | gena "mejilla" | género (génuos) "barbilla, mandíbula"; gnátʰos, gnatʰmós "mandíbula" < *ĝnH₂dʰ- | hánu-ṣ "mandíbula" < *ǵʰenu-s , gaṇḍa "mejilla" | Av zānu- "mandíbula-" < *ǵʰenu-s , OPers danūg < *danu-ka- , Parth zanax "barbilla, mandíbula"; NPers gune "mejilla", chune "mandíbula"; Mejilla kurda gup Pasado žā́ma "mandíbula" | OPrus żauna "mandíbula", Lith žándas "mejilla", žiaunos "branquias" | OIr gi(u)n "boca"; W gen , pl. geneu "mejilla, barbilla"; Antiguo de Cornualles pl. genau < *genewes "mejillas, barbillas" | cn-awt "mandíbula, mejilla" | Una śanwe-m "mandíbula" | |||
| *ǵónu, ǵnéws "rodilla" | rodilla (< OE cnēo ) | kniu "rodilla" | genū "rodilla" (> hacer genuflexión ) | gónu ( Hom gen. gounós < *gonwós ) "rodilla", pró-kʰnu "con rodilla extendida" < *pró-gʰnu | jā́nu - "rodilla", pra-jñus "con las piernas arqueadas" | Av zānu- según. žnūm , dat./abl. pl. žnubyō "rodilla", fra-šnu- "sosteniendo la rodilla hacia adelante"; Parth zānūk , NPers zānū "rodilla" | Rus zvenó "rodilla" | OI glún "rodilla" | cunr , nombre plural cungkʿ "rodilla" | gjuni "rodilla" < Post-PIE *ĝnu-n(o)- | A kanweṃ , B keni "dos rodillas" | genu "rodilla" | |
| *ǵómbʰos "diente, fila de dientes" | peine (< OE camb ) | OHG kamb "peine" | gómphos "tornillo, clavo"; gómphíos "muela" | jámbha- "diente, colmillo; conjunto de dientes (pl.)"; jámbhya- "muelas" | Pash žâma "mandíbula"; Khot ysīmä "diente" [87] | OCS zǫbŭ , Ukr zub , Pol ząb "diente" | Latv zùobs "diente"; Lith žam̃bas "borde afilado" | dhëmb "diente, colmillo" | A kam , B keme "diente" | ||||
| *h₃dónts, *h₃dn̥t- "diente" | diente (< OE tōþ < *H₁dont- ) | tunþus "diente" < *H₁dn̥t- | dēns (dentis) "diente" < *H₁dn̥t- (> dental ) | odṓn (odóntos) "diente" < protogriego *edónt- , cf. Aeol. édontes "dientes" (> ortodoncista , etc.) | dán, dántas "diente" | Av dantan-, dātā "diente"; NPers dandân "diente"; Kurdo diran, didan, dan "diente" | Russ desná "chicle" < *H₁dent-sn- | OPrus dants "diente", Lith dantis "diente" | OIr dēt "diente", W dant "diente" | atamn "diente" | |||
| *h₃ésth₁, *h₂óst- "hueso" | os (ossis) "hueso" | ostéon "hueso" ( osteoporosis , etc.) | ásthi (asthnás) "hueso" | Av ast-, asti- (gen. pl. astąm , instr. pl. azdbīš ) "hueso" NPers ostoxan "hueso"; Kurdo hestî, hestû "hueso" | OCS kostĭ "hueso" | OIr asil "miembro", MIr asna "costilla" <? *astonyo- ; MW ass-en, asseu "costilla", W asgwrn "hueso" < *ost-ko- | os-kr "hueso" | asht, ahstë "hueso" | Bāy , pl. āsta "hueso " | ḫastāi- "hueso" | |||
| *H₂ous- "oreja" | oreja (< OE ēare ) | áusō "oreja" | auris "oreja" | oũs "oreja" | ūṣa "cavidad del oído" | Av uši "ambos oídos"; NPers hoš "oreja" | OCS ucho (ušese) "oreja" | OPrus auss "oído", Lith auss "oído" | OIr āu, ō "oreja" | desconocido , nombre pl. akanǰkʿ "oreja" | vesh "oreja" < *ōus, *ōs- | ||
| *h₃ókʷs "ojo" | ojo (< OE ēage ) | áugō "ojo" | oculus "ojo" < *ōkʷelo-s ⇒ [nota 14] | ósse "ambos ojos"; ómma "ojo" < *óp-mn̥ ; ókkon [88] "ojo" | ákṣi (akṣṇás) "ojo" | Av aši "ambos ojos" | OCS oko "ojo" | OPrus dice "ojo", Lith dice "ojo" | OIr enech , W enep "cara" | akn , nombre pl. ačʿkʿ "ojo" | sy "ojo" | A ak , B ek "ojo" | |
| *h₁óh₃(e)s "boca" | Scot ure (< OE ōr, ōra ) | Nor óss "desembocadura del río" | ōs , ōris "boca" (> oral ) | Ved ā́s "boca, cara" | Av āh "boca" | OCS usa "boca" | Lithúostas "desembocadura de un río, puerto " | Oírá " boca " | aiš , gen . iššāš "boca" | ||||
| *ḱerd- "corazón"; *ḱred-dʰē- "creer" (Véase también ḱréd·dʰh₁eti) | corazón (< OE heorte ) | haírtō "corazón" | cor (cordis) "corazón"; crēdō "creo" < *krezdō- < *ḱred-dʰē- ⇒ [nota 15] | kardíā , homérico kradíē , chipriota korízdā "corazón" < *ḱr̥d(y)ā ; poético kẽr (kẽros) "corazón" < *ḱḗr (> cardíaco , cardiología , etc.) | hṛd "corazón" < post-PIE *ǵʰr̥d ; hṛdaya, hārdi "corazón"; | Av zǝrǝd "corazón", pashto zṛə "corazón" < post-PIE *ǵʰr̥d ; | OCS sŭrdĭce "corazón", serda "medio, núcleo" | OPrus siran "corazón" (acc.), seyr "corazón", serds "núcleo", Lith širdis "corazón", šerdis "núcleo" | OIr llama "corazón"; W craidd "centro"; Galia crid "corazón" [89] | Sirt "corazón" | A kri "voluntad", B pl. käryāñ "corazones" | Hitt karz (kardias) "corazón"; Luw zarza "corazón" [90] | |
| *h₃nebʰ- "ombligo, eje"; *h₃nóbʰōl "ombligo"[91][92] | ombligo (< OE nafola ); nave (< OE nafu ) | umbilīcus "ombligo"; umbō "codo" | omphalós "ombligo; cordón umbilical" | nā́bhi "ombligo, ombligo; centro"; nábhya "nave, parte central de una rueda" | NPers nāf "ombligo", nāv- "profundo" Pasado nom, naw "ombligo" | ||||||||
| *kréwh₂- "sangre, sangre (sangre fuera del cuerpo)"[93] | crudo "alimento crudo" (< OE hræw "cadáver, carroña") | En hrár "crudo" | cruor "sangre espesa, sangre"; crūdus "crudo, sangriento", crūdēlis "cruel, grosero" ⇒ [nota 16] | kréas "carne, carne"; kréa "carne cruda" | krávis- "carne cruda"; kravyá "carne cruda, carroña", krūrá "sangriento, crudo" | Av xrūra , xrūma "sangriento"; vi-xrūmant- "sin sangre"; xrvi.dru "de la maza sangrienta [de Aeshma ]" YAv xrvišyant "sombrío, sediento de sangre" [94] | OCS kry "sangre"; Rus krovǐ "sangre" | OPrus crauyo , krawiano ; Lith kraũjas "sangre"; Latv kreve "sangre coagulada, [95] costra con sangre" [96] [97] | OIr crúaid , MIr crū "sangre" | ||||
| *néh₂s "nariz" | nariz (< OE nosu ) | ON nǫs "nariz" | nāsus, nāris "nariz" (> nasal ) | nas- "nariz" | Av nāh-, nā̊ŋhan- , OPers según. sg. nāham "nariz" | OCS nosŭ "nariz" | OPrus nasi "nariz", Lith nosis "nariz" | ||||||
| *pṓds, *ped- "pie" (Véase también *ped-) | pie (< OE fōt ) | fōtus "pie" | pēs (pedis) "pie" (> pedal , etc.) | poús (podós) "pie" ⇒ [nota 17] | pā́d- (padás) "pie" | Av pad- , OPers pād , Parth pāδ "pie" NPers pa "pie"; kurdo pê Pasado px̌a "pie | OCS pěšǐ "a pie", pęta "talón" | OPrus pida "pie", Lith pėda "pie" | OIr īs "debajo" < PIE loc. pl. *pēd-su ; W is(od) "debajo, debajo; más bajo (que)" | otn "pie", otkʿ "pies" | poshtë "debajo" | A pe "pie", B paiyye "pie" | pata- , CLuw pāta- , Lyc pedi- "pie" |
| *tpḗrsneh₂ "talón, parte superior del muslo" [98][99][100] | OE fiersn "talón, cal" | fairzna "tacón" | perna "gamón"; Spa pierna "pierna" | ptérnē "talón, pezuña; pisada" | pā́rṣṇi "talón; retaguardia del ejército; patada" | paršna- "lomos" | |||||||
*h₂(e)rmós | brazo | armus | harmós | īrmá- | OCS ramo "hombro" | ||||||||
| *h₃nṓgʰs "uña (dedo de la mano o del pie)" [105][106][107] | clavo (< OE næġel ) | nagls "clavo" | unguis "uña, uña del pie; garra; pezuña"; ungula "pezuña, garra; una especia aromática" | ónux "garra, uña, pezuña; una especie de sustancia aromática; ónix (la gema)" | nakhá "clavo"; áṅghri "pie; pie de un asiento; raíz de un árbol" | Npers nâxon "clavo" | OCS noga "pie, pierna"; nogŭtĭ "uña" | Lith nãgas "uña, garra" | Ionga, "clavo" en irlandés | ełung "clavo" | nyell "clavo" | A maku , B mekwa "clavo" | ša-an-ku-wa- "clavo" |
| *yḗkʷr̥, yekʷnés "hígado" | jecur (jecinoris) "hígado" | hẽpar (hḗpatos) "hígado" | yákr̥t (yaknás) "hígado" | Av yākarǝ , NPers ǰigar , pashto iná "hígado" | Jetra (hígado) en serbio , ikra (huevas de pescado) en serbio y macedonio | OPrus jakna , Lat aknas "hígado", Lith jeknos [108] | W (i)afu "hígado"; MIr i(u)chair (i(u)chrach) "huevas de pescado" | hígado de leard | A ykär , B yakär* "hígado" [109] | Luvita ikkwar/n- "hígado" [ai] | |||
| *ǵʰésr̥ ~ *ǵʰsrés "mano" | Su "mano" (rara, anatómica) | kheír "mano" (> quiropráctico , cirugía , enchiridion , etc.) | hás-ta "mano" | Av zas-ta "mano", NPers dast "mano" | jeṙ "mano, brazo" | dorë "mano" | Un zar , B ṣar "mano" | keššar "mano", [111] īssaris "mano" de Luwian | |||||
| *méh₂r̥ ~ *mh₂én- ~ *mh₂ntéh₂ "mano, la que señala" [112][113][114] | montículo (< OE mund "mano, mano de protección, protector) | Ger vor mund "tutor legal" | manus, manūs "mano" ⇒ [nota 18] | márē "mano" (dudoso) | manii̯aḫḫ-i , “distribuir, confiar” | ||||||||
| *bʰeh₂ǵʰús "brazo" [115] | rama (< OE bōg ) | pêkhus "antebrazo" | bāhú "brazo" | NPers bāzū "brazo" | |||||||||
| *h₃bʰrúHs "ceja"[116] | frente , escocés broo (< OE brū ) | ophrū́s "ceja" | bhrū́ "ceja" | NPers abrū "ceja" | OCS bry "ceja" | ||||||||
| *péth₂r̥ "ala, pluma" [117][118][114][119] (Véase también *peth₂-) | pluma (< OE feþer ) | penna < *petna "ala; pluma; pluma de ave" (> pluma ) | pterón "pluma, ala; criatura alada" | pát·tra- "ala, piñón, pluma; hoja, pétalo (como el plumaje de un árbol)" | Karšiptar ( Karšift ) "de alas negras" | OCS perije "pluma" | trnum "volar" |
Animales
| PASTEL | Inglés | gótico | latín | Griego antiguo | Sanskrit | iraní | eslavo | báltico | céltico | armenio | albanés | Tocario | hitita |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *éḱwos , *h₁éḱwos "caballo, animal rápido" | OE eoh "caballo" | aíƕa- "caballo"[aj] | equus "caballo" (< equos ) | hipopótamos "caballo"; Myc i-qo "caballo" ( < *ïkkʷos ) [120] | áśva - "caballo"; Mitanni-ario aššu- "caballo" | Av aspa- , OPers asa- "caballo"; yäfs osetios "caballo" < *yéḱwos ; NPers asp "caballo"; Hesp kurdo "caballo" | OCS jastrębъ "halcón" (literalmente "pájaro rápido") | OPrus aswīnan "leche de yegua", Lith ašva "yegua | OIr ech ; W ebol "potro, potro" (< MW ebawl < PBryth *ebọl, < PC *ep-ālos ). | ēš "burro" | A yuk , B yakwe "caballo" | Luwian ásùwa "caballo"; Licia esbe "caballo" | |
| *gʷṓws "ganado"[i][121] | vaca (< OE cū ) | Antiguo sajón kō , OHG chuo "vaca" | bōs (bovis) "ganado"; [ak] acc. umbro bum "vaca" | boũs , Dor bõs (bo(w)ós) "ganado, vaca" | gáus (gṓs) [i] "vaca" | Av gāuš (gāuš) [i] "vaca"; NPers gāv "vaca"; Kurdo ga "vaca" Pasado ğwā "vaca" | croata gòvedo "ganado" < Pslav *govędo ; OCS gu-mǐno "suelo de trilla" | Gùovs "vaca" en letón | OIr bó (bóu/báu) [al] "vaca"; Boand [am] < protocelta *bowo-windā "vaca blanca (o) buscador de vacas" [an] > Boyne [ao] [122] OW buch "vaca" < *boukkā , bu-gail "pastor de vacas" < *gʷou-kʷolyos | kov "vaca" | ka "buey" | A ko "vaca", B ke u "vaca" | HierLuv wawa- , licio wawa-, uwa- "vaca"; [123]
|
| *péḱu "ganado" [125] [126] | cuota ; feudo ; feudo (< OE feoh "ganado, propiedad, dinero"); | faihu "propiedad, posesiones, riqueza, dinero" | pecū "ganado, animales domésticos"; pecūnia "dinero" ⇒ [nota 19] | páśu , paśú "ganado" | OC pasti "rebañar, pastar" | Olith pekus "ganado" | asr "lana" | ||||||
| *h₂éwis "pájaro" [127][128][129][130] (Véase también *h₂ōwyó·m) | avis "pájaro" (> aviario, aviación , etc.); auceps "cazador de pájaros; cazador de aves; fisgón"; LL avicellus, aucellus "pájaro pequeño" > Fre oiseau ; avispex , más tarde, auspex "augurar (de observar el vuelo de los pájaros)" ⇒ [nota 20] | āetós "águila; presagio"; oiōnós "pájaro grande, ave de rapiña; presagio; pájaro usado en augurios"; oiōnoskópos "augurio (del vuelo de los pájaros)"; oiōnistḗrion "lugar para observar el vuelo de los pájaros; presagio" | ví "pájaro" | Av vīš "pájaro" | tengo "pollo" | ||||||||
| *h₂ówis "oveja" | oveja (< OE ēow "oveja", ēowu "oveja") | awistr "aprisco"; OHG ouwi, ou "ovejas" | ovis "oveja" | ó(w)is "oveja" | ávi- "oveja" | Wakhi yobc "oveja" < PIran *āvi-či- | Bulg ovèn "carnero", OCS ovĭ-ca "oveja" | OPrus awwins "carnero", Lith avis "oveja hembra" avinas "carnero" | OIr ōi "oveja"; Nosotros ewig "ciervo" | hov-iw "pastor" | B eye "oveja", ā( u )w "oveja" | Luvian hāwa/i- , licio χawa- "oveja" | |
| *h₂ŕ̥tḱos "oso"[131] | ursus "oso" | Árktos "oso" | ŕ̥kṣa- "oso" | YAv arša , ars "oso" osetio ; NPers xers "oso"; Kurdo hirç "oso" | Lith irštva "guarida del oso" | Mir art , W arth "oso" | arǰ "oso" | arí "oso" | ḫartaqqas (nombre de una bestia de presa) | ||||
| *ḱwon- "perro, sabueso"[132] | sabueso (< OE hund "perro") | hunds "perro" | canis "perro" | kúōn (kunós) "perro"; Myc ku-na-ke-ta-i , Att / Ion kunegétes "cazador" (litt. "los que guían a los perros") [133] | śvan(śunas) "perro" | Av spā (acc. spānǝm , pl. gen. sū̆nam ); diputados sak ; Kurdo kuçik, se, sey ; Wakhi šač "perro" Pasado esterilizado "perro" | Bulg kùt͡ʃe "perro", OCS suka "perra" | OPrus sunnis "perro", Lith šuo , šunis ( acc pl.) "perro", Latv suns "perro", Ltg suņs "perro" | OIr cú (con) , W ci "perro" Cú Chulainn litt. "sabueso de Chulainn" Cuno beline < Com. Britt. *Cunobelinos "fuerte (?) como un perro" | šun "perro" | Posiblemente qen (disputado, posible préstamo latino) | AB ku "perro" (según A koṃ , B kweṃ ) | hitita kuwaš ( nom. ), kunaš ( gen. ); HierLuv suwanni "perro"; [134] Pal kuwan- "perro"; [135] Lyd kan- "perro" |
| *múh₂s "ratón" | ratón , alce escocés (< OE mūs ) | En mús "ratón" | mūs "ratón" | mũs "ratón" | mū́ṣ- "ratón" | OPers muš "ratón" (¿no en Pokorny; Pokorny tiene NPers mūš "ratón"); kurdo mişk "ratón" | OCS myšĭ "ratón" | mukn "ratón" | mi "ratón" | ||||
| *uksḗn "buey, toro" [136] [137] | buey (< OE oxa ) | auhsa "buey" | ukṣán "toro, buey" | uxšan "toro" | MW ych ; MidIr oss "ciervo, vaca"; MBret ouhen | B okso "proyecto de buey" | |||||||
| *táwros "toro" | dirigir (< OE stēor ) | EN þjórr | tauro , Osc taurom ( acc. ) | tauro | stawra- "toro" | OSl turŭ | Lith taũras ; OPr tauris "bisonte" | Galia tarvos ( taruos ) "toro"; Oir tarb | tuar "ganado" | tarok | |||
| *suHs- "cerdo" | sembrar (< OE sū ); cerdo (< OE swīn) | En el caso de "sembrar" | sus "cerdo" | hũs, sus "cerdo" | sū-kara- "cerdo"; Hindú sūvar "cerdo" | Av hū (gen. sg.) "cerdo", NPers xuk "cerdo" | Bulg svinjà "cerdo, cerda" | Suvẽns letón , sivẽns "lechón" | OIr socc sáil "cerdo de mar"; Que " cerda, cerdo" | khos "cerdo" | Este "cerdo" | B suwo "cerdo" | še-hu-u "cerdo" |
| *wl̥kʷos "lobo" | lobo (< OE wulf ) | lobos (wulfis) "lobo" | lupus "lobo" | lúkos "lobo" | vŕ̥ka- "lobo" | Av vǝhrka- "lobo"; NPers gorg "lobo"; Gur kurdo "lobo" | Bulg vɤ̞lk "lobo", OCS vlĭkŭ "lobo" | OPrus wilks "lobo", Lith vilkas "lobo" | OIr olc (uilc) "malvado" | aghves "zorro" | ujk < OAlb ulk "lobo" | B camina "lobo" | ulippana "lobo" |
| *wl(o)p- "zorro" | vulpes "zorro" | alṓpēx "zorro" | lopāśá "zorro, chacal" | Av urupis "perro", raopi- "zorro, chacal"; Kurdo rovî, rûvî "zorro" | OCS lisa "zorro" | Lith lãpė "zorro"; Latv lapsa "zorro" | Bre louarn "zorro" (< PCel *loɸernos ) | ałuēs "zorro" | Tosk dhelpër , Gheg dhelpen "zorro" (< *dzelpina < *welpina ) [138] | ulipzas ( ú-li-ip-za-aš ) "lobo"; [139] Luwian ú-li-ip-ni-eš (nom. sg.), wa-li-ip-ni (dat.-loc. sg.) "zorro" [139] | |||
| *ǵʰh₂éns "ganso" | ganso (< OE gōs ), ganso (< OE ganra ) | OHG gans "ganso" | (h)ānser "ganso" | kʰḗn , dórico khā́n "ganso"; Myc ka-no , ka-si ( dat. pl.) "ganso" [140] | haṁsá- "ganso" | Av zāō "ganso" (? no en Pokorny); sogdiano z'γ "especie de pájaro", en persa ɣaz "ganso", en persa ɣu "cisne" | Bulg gɤ̞ska "ganso", OCS gǫsǐ "ganso" | OPrus zansi "ganso", Lith žąsis "ganso" | OIr gēiss "cisne" W gwydd "ganso" | puerta "garza" | B kents- "pájaro (¿ganso?)" [141] [142] | ||
| *h₂énh₂t(i)s "pato" | Scot ennet "pato" (< OE ened ) | OHG enita "pato" | ānas (gen. anatis ) "pato" | nessa, netta "pato" | ātí- "ave acuática" | Abreviatura osética de "pato salvaje" | Ruso: utka "pato" | Hormigas OPrus "pato", Lith antis "pato" | "pato" rosado | ||||
| *h₁élh₁ēn "ciervo" | élaphos "ciervo"; Hom ellós "cría de ciervo" | Pasado osə́i "ciervo" | OSl jeleni "ciervo"; Russ oleni "ciervo rojo" | Lith élnis "ciervo"; Lith élnė "posterior" < *H₁elH₁ēniHx "posterior, alce vaca" | NWel elain "posterior" < *H₁elH₁ēniHx "posterior, alce vaca" OIr elit "cierva" [143] | ełn "trasero" | Por yal , ylem "gacela" [144] B ylaṃśke "joven gacela" [145] | aliya(n)- "ciervo rojo" [146] | |||||
| *h₁eǵʰis "erizo" | OE igil "erizo" (< protogermánico *igilaz ) | EN ígull "erizo de mar" | MycGr e-ki-no ; [147] ekhînos "erizo" | Oss wyzyn "erizo" | OSl jezĭ "erizo"; Rus ež "erizo" | Lith ežȳs "erizo" [aq] | ozni "erizo" | esh , eshk "puercoespín, erizo" | |||||
*bʰébʰrus "castor" | castor (< OE beofer ) | OHG bibar "castor"; OIc biorr "castor" | fibra "castor" | babʰrú "mangosta" | Av baβra- "castor" | Ukr bober "castor"; [148] Rus bobr "castor" | Lith bebrùs "castor"; Pruss bebrus "castor" | Galia bebru- ; OIr Bibar | |||||
| *h₃érō "águila"[149] | erne "águila marina" < OE earn "águila" | ara "águila"; OHG arn "águila" | ( Avernus "entrada al inframundo" (< AncGrk áornos "sin pájaros")) [ar] | órnis "pájaro"; Myc o-ni-ti-ja-pi "decorado con pájaros(?)" | OSl orǐlŭ "águila"; Rus orël "águila" | Lith ăras , ĕras , erẽlis "águila"; Latv ērglis , OPrus arelie "águila" | MBret erer , MW eryr , MIr irar "águila" (< *eriro ) | OArm oror "gaviota", MArm urur "cometa" | orr "águila, halcón" (raro) | Hitt ḫaran- "águila"; CLuw ḫarrani(a/i) "un tipo de ave (oráculo)"; Pala [ḫa-]a-ra-na-aš "águila" [46] | |||
| *h₂éngʷʰis; *h₁ógʷʰis "serpiente", "anguila" | OHG unc "serpiente"; engiring "gusano" (diminutivo de angar "larva grande") | anguis "serpiente, serpiente, dragón"; Anguilla "anguila" | ópʰis "serpiente, culebra"; énkhelus "anguila" [as] | áhi "serpiente, serpiente; nombre de Vrtra " | Av aži "serpiente", persa yağnij "culebra" (arcaico); Azhi Dahāka [en] | OestSl užĭ "serpiente", Rus už "culebra"; Pol węgorz "anguila" | OPrus angis "serpiente", angurgis "anguila"; Lith angis "víbora", ungurys "anguila"; Latv odze , odzs (dialectal) "víbora, víbora"; | OArm awj "serpiente", iž , iwž "víbora" | B auk "serpiente" | Illuy anka "serpiente mítica enemiga" | |||
| *h₂eyǵ- "cabra" [154] | aíx "cabra" | eḍa "una especie de oveja" | ayts "cabra" | dhi , "cabra" | |||||||||
| *h₂ōwyóm (unvṛddhide *h₂éwis) "huevo" [155][156][129][157] | ey (obsoleto) "huevo" (< OE ǣġ ) (> Cockney "huevo de gallo"); huevo (< ON huevo ) | ōvum "huevo" (> óvulo, ovario, ovalado, ovoide, ovular , etc.) | ōión "huevo, semilla" | Pasado hagə́i "huevo" | |||||||||
| *h₂egʷnós "cordero" [158] | yean "dar a luz a" (< OE ēanian ) | agnus "cordero" | amnós "cordero" | OCS agnę "cordero" | enjë (cabra lechera) | ||||||||
*laḱ-, laḱs- | laxo | OHG lahs "salmón" | Losos rusos "salmón" | Lith lašiša "salmón" | B laks "pescado, salmón" |
Alimentación y agricultura
| PASTEL | Inglés | gótico | latín | Griego antiguo | Sanskrit | iraní | eslavo | báltico | céltico | armenio | albanés | Tocario | hitita |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ǵr̥h₂-nó- "grano"[162][163][164] (Ver también *gʰreh₁-) | maíz (< OE maíz "grano") | kaúrn "maíz" | grānum "grano" ⇒ [nota 21] | jīrṇá-, jūrṇá- "viejo, desgastado, podrido" | OCS zrŭno "grano" | OPrus zirni "grano", Lith žirnis "guisante", girna "piedra de molino" | OIr grān , W grawn "grano" | coreano "trigo, grano, maíz" | grurë Tosk grun, gruni Gheg "grano" | ||||
| *gʰreh₁- "crecer" [165][166][162][167] (Véase también *ǵr̥h₂-nó-) | crecer (< OE grōwan ); verde (< OE grēne ); gris, gris (< OE grǣġ ); hierba (< OE græs ); novio (joven, sirviente) (< ME grome ) | grōdjan "reverdecer, crecer; plantar" | grāmen "hierba, césped; hierba"; rāvus "gris, leonado"; herba "hierba; maleza; hierba" | Kurdo gewre, gir "grande", gewre bûn "crecer, hacerse grande", giran "pesado", girîng "importante, importante, esencial" Pasado grān "caro, duro" | OCS grěnŭ "verde" | ||||||||
| *h₂éǵros "campo" | acre (< OE æcer "campo") | akrs "campo" | ager (agrī) "campo" ⇒ [nota 22] | agrós "campo" | ájra- "pradera" | arte "suelo" | are "campo" | ||||||
| *h₂erh₃- "arar" | OE erian "arar" | arjan "arar" | arō (arāre) "arar", arātrum "arar" | aróō "yo aro" < *H₂erH₃-oH₂ , árotron "arado", aroura "tierra cultivable" | OCS orjǫ (orati) "arar", ralo < *ar(ə)dhlom "arar" | OPrus artun "arar", Lith arti "arar" | MIr airim "Yo aro", W arddu "arar" < *arj- ; MIr arathar , W aradr "arado" < *arətrom < *H₂erH₃-trom | ara-wr "arado" | are "tierra cultivable" *H₂r̥H₃-uer- | AB āre "arado" | |||
| *h₂melǵ- "ordeñar" | leche (< OE meolc, mioluc ) | miluks (miluks) "leche" | mulgeō (mulgēre) "ordeñarse" ⇒ [nota 23] | amélgō "yo ordeño" | mā́ršti, mā́rjati, mr̥játi "(él) limpia, seca" | Av marǝzaiti, mǝrǝzaiti "(él) roza (apenas toca)" | Ruso. CS mŭlzu (mlěsti) "ordeñar", Pol mleko "leche" | OPrus milztun "ordeñar", Lith melžti "ordeñar" | W blith "leche, productos lácteos; lleno de leche", MIr bligim "yo ordeño" < *mligim , melg "leche" | Miel, mil "yo ordeño" | A malke B malk-wer "leche" | ||
| *melh₂- "moler"[168][169] | comida (< OE melu ); malm (< OE harinam ) | malan "moler" | molō (molere) "yo muelo"; mola "piedra de molino; molino; harina molida" ⇒ [nota 24] ; immolō "yo inmolo, sacrifico (lit. espolvoreo harina sobre los animales que van a ser sacrificados)" ⇒ [nota 25] ; malleus "martillo, mazo" ⇒ [nota 26] ; milium "mijo" | múllō "yo muelo"; malthakós, malakós "suave, tierno; gentil; suave"; melínē "mijo" | mr̥ṇāti, mr̥nati "(él) muele" | Av mrāta- "suave y bronceado" | OCS meljǫ (mlětĭ) "moler"; mlatŭ "martillo"; molĭ "polilla"; mělŭ "tiza; sustancia fina molida" | OPrus maltun "moler", Lith malti "moler", malnos "mijo" | OIr melim "yo muelo"; W malu "muelo" | mał "tamiz" mał-em "muelo, aplasto" | mjell "harina" | A malywët "tú presionas"; B melye "ellos pisotean" | Mallai "muele" |
| *kwh₂et- "fermentar, volverse agrio" [170][171] [172][173] | OE hwaþerian "rugir, hacer espuma, surgir" | ƕaÞō "espuma, escoria, escoria" | cāseus "queso" (> queso ) | kváthate "hierve" | OCS kvasŭ "levadura; bebida agria" > Kvass | ||||||||
*yew- | ON ostr "queso"; ysta "cuajar" | iūs | ?zōmós | yūṣa- | Ruso uxá " Ukha " | ||||||||
| *bʰrewh₁- "hervir; preparar" [178][179] | preparar | ferveō | buran | Borvo "Deidad gala de los manantiales curativos" | |||||||||
| *gʷréh₂wō "molino, piedra de molino" [181] [126] | molino de bolas (< OE cwerne ) | *Qairnus | grā́van "piedra, roca, piedra para exprimir el jugo de Soma" | Piedra de molino OCS | Bret breo , breou , W breuan "quern" [182] | ||||||||
| *mélit, *melnés "miel" | mil rocío (< OE mele-dēaw "melaza") | miliþ "miel" | mel (mellis) "miel" (> melifluo ) | méli (mélit-) "miel"; Att mélitta "abeja"; Myc me-ri , me-ri-to "cariño" [183] | Milinda "abeja" | OIr mil , W mêl "miel" | más "miel" | mjal, mjaltë "miel" | milit "miel"; CLuw ma-al-li "miel"; [184] Pala malit- "miel" | ||||
| *médʰu "miel", "hidromiel" | hidromiel (< OE medu ) | midus "aguamiel" | mēdus "un tipo de hidromiel" [185] | métʰu "vino" | mádʰu "bebida dulce, miel" | Protoiraní mádu "miel, vino" | OCS medŭ "miel"; Bulg med "miel" | OPrus meddu "miel", Lith medus "miel", midus "una bebida de miel"; [186] Ltg mads "miel" | OIr mid "hidromiel"; W medd "hidromiel" | B con "miel" [187] | CLuw maddu- "vino" (originalmente "bebida dulce") | ||
| *tuh₂rós "queso" [158] | mantequilla (< gr. boútūros "queso de vaca") | tūrós "queso" | |||||||||||
| *séh₂ls "sal"[188][189] | sal (< sellado OE ) | sal "sal" | sāl (salis) "sal" ⇒ [nota 29] | háls (halós) "sal" | sal-ilá- "salado" | OCS solǐ "sal"; OCS sladŭkŭ "dulce"; Russ sólod "malta" | OPrus sals "sal", saldus "dulce | OIr salann , W halen "sal" | también "sal" | ngjel-bëtë, ngjel-mëtë "salado", njel-m "estar salado" | A sāle , B salyiye "sal" | ||
| *seh₁- "sembrar (semilla)", *séh₁mn̥ "semilla" | sembrar (< OE sāwan ), semilla (< OE sēd "lo que se siembra") | saian "sembrar"; OHG sāmo "semilla" | serō (serere) "sembrar" < *si-sH₁-oH₂ , sēmen "semilla" ⇒ [nota 30] | sasá - "maíz, hierba, pasto", sasyá- "maíz, grano, fruta, cosecha de maíz", sī́ra- "Saatpflug" (¿arado para sembrar?) | OCS sějǫ (sějati) "sembrar", sěmę "semillas" | OPrus situn "sembrar", simen "semilla", Lith sėti "sembrar", sekla "semilla", semenis "linaza" | OIr sīl , W hil "semilla" < *seH₁-lo- | sermn "semilla" | isḫūwāi "(él) siembra" | ||||
| *yugóm "yugo" (Véase también *yewg-) | yugo (< OE ġeoc ) | juk "yugo" | iugum "yugo" | zugón "yugo" | yugá·m "yugo" | Av yaoj-, yuj- "aprovechar" Pasado yə́wa "arado" | OCS igo "yugo" | OPrus jugtun "yugo", Lith jungas "yugo" | W iau "yugo" | Luc "yugo" | Una yokäm "puerta" | Yugan "yugo" | |
| *yéwos "cereal, grano; espelta, cebada"[190][191] | La palabra épica zeiā́ "trigo escanda"; la palabra cretense deaí "cebada" | yáva "grano, cereal; cebada" | Av yauua- "cereal"; pers jow "cebada, grano"; Oss jäv "maíz, grano" | Rus ovín "granero, granero"; [au] Pol jewnia , jownia (dialectal) "granero" | Lith jãvas "un tipo de cereal"; javaĩ (pl.) "cereales"; Latv javs , java "infundido (con fermentación)" | Ir eorna "cebada" | B yap "cebada vestida" | e(u)wa(n) "cereal (un tipo de cebada)" | |||||
| *mḗms "carne" [193] [126] | mimz "carne" | membrum "miembro, miembro" < mēms-rom “carne” ⇒ [nota 31] | mā́ṃs , māmsá- "carne" | OCS męso "carne" | Mierda "carne" | mish “carne” | |||||||
| *h₂ébōl "manzana" [125] [126] | manzana (< OE manzano ) | Apelar | ( Osc Abella "nombre de la ciudad") | OCS ablŭ·ko "manzana" | Lith obuolys "manzana", OPr wobalne "manzana"; Latv ābols "manzana (fruta)", ābele "manzano" | Galia Aballo "nombre del lugar"; OIr aball , W afall , OBr aball(es) "manzano" |
Funciones y estados corporales
| PASTEL | Inglés | gótico | latín | Griego antiguo | Sanskrit | iraní | eslavo | báltico | céltico | armenio | albanés | Tocario | hitita |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *h₂enh₁- "respirar" | OE ōþian "respirar fuerte" < PGerm *anþōjanã | *uz-anan "expirar", ON anda "respirar" | anima "aliento" | ánemos "viento"; Anemoi "vientos (deificados)" | ániti "(él) respira" | Av ā̊ntya, parā̊ntya (gen.) "inspirar y exhalar"; Henase kurdo "aliento"; henas dan "respirar" | OCS vonja "olor" < *h₂en-yeh₂ [194] | OIr anāl "aliento" < *h₂enh₁-tlo- ; Wanadl " aliento " | hołm "viento", anjn "persona" | Gheg âj Tosk ēnj "Me hinché" | AB āñm- "espíritu", B añiye "aliento", B anāsk- "inhalar" | ||
| *swep- "dormir", *swépnos "soñar (n.)" | arcaico sweven "sueño, visión" (< OE swefn ); NoEng sweb "desmayarse" (< OE swebban "poner a dormir, adormecer") | SOBRE sofá "dormir (v.)"; Svaf nir [195] "Portador del sueño (un nombre de Odín)" | somnus "dormir (n.)"; sōpiō [196] (v.) "hacer dormir" | húpnos "dormir (n.)"; Hypnos "dios del sueño" | svápna- "dormir, soñar (n.)" | Av xᵛafna- "dormir (n.)" NPers xwãb- "dormir"; Kurdo xew "dormir" Pasado xob "soñar, dormir" | OCS sŭpati [196] "dormir (v.)", sŭnŭ "dormir (n.), soñar (n.)" | OPrus supnas "sueño", Lith sapnas "sueño" | OIr sūan , W hun "dormir (n.)" | kʿnem "yo duermo", kʿun "dormir (n.)" | gjumë "dormir (n.)" | TA ṣpäṃ , TB ṣpane "dormir (n.), soñar (n.)" | sup-, suppariya- "dormir" |
*der-, *drem- | dormiō | darthánō | drā́yati | OC drěmati "dormitar, dormitar, dormitar" | |||||||||
| *bʰewdʰ- "estar despierto, estar consciente" [201] | oferta (< OE bēodan ); bede (< OE bēden ); presagiar (< OE bodian ) | anabiudan | punthánomai "Yo aprendo" | bódhati "(él/ella) está despierto/a"; bodháyati "(él/ella) despierta, despierta"; buddhá- "despierto/a" | Pasado póha "entender" | OCS bljusti "vigilar"; buditi "despertar (a alguien)"; bŭždrĭ "alerta, alegre"; | Lith budėti "estar despierto" | ||||||
| *sweyd- "sudor" | sudor (< OE swǣtan "sudar") | En sveiti | sūdor "sudor (n.)" | (e)ĩdos "sudor (n.)" | svḗda- "sudor (n.)" | Av xᵛaēda- "sudor (n.)"; Kurdo xwê, xoy "sudor" Pasado xoẓ̌ "dulce" | Letón sviêdri (pl.) "sudor (n.)" | W chwys "sudor (n.)" < *swidso- | kʿirtn "sudor (n.)" | dirsë, djersë "sudor (n.)" < *swí-drō x ty- | B syā-lñe "sudando" < *swid-yé- | ||
| *h₁ed- "comer" | comer (< OE etan ) | itan "comer" | edō (ēsse) "comer", ēst "(él) come" | édō "yo como", infinitivo atemático homérico édmenai "comer" | ádmi "yo como", átti "(él) come" | Av subj. aδāiti "(él) debería comer" | OCS jamĭ "yo como" < *H₁ēd-mi , jastŭ "(él) come" | OPrus istun "comer", ėsti , OLith ėdmi "yo como" | OIr ci-ni estar "aunque no come"; W ys "come" < *H₁ed-ti | utem "yo como" < *ōd- | ha "comer" | ēdmi "yo como" | |
| *peh₃- "beber" | potable (< DE potable ) imbibe (< Lat. bibere "beber" vía OF imbiber ) poción, veneno (< Lat. potio, potionis "una bebida" vía OF pocion, veneno) | bibō (bibere) "beber", pōtus "beber (n.)"; pō·culo- < pō·clo- < *pō·tlo- "vaso" [av] (Comparar sct. pā·tra- ) | pī́nō, pépomai "yo bebo" | pā́ti, píbati "(él) bebe"; pā·tra- "copa, vasija" [av] | Desde Vispo-pitay- "alltränkend" dando agua/bebidas a todos | OCS pijǫ (piti) "beber", protoeslavo pȋvo "beber, cerveza, bebida" | OPrus putun "beber", puja "una fiesta", Lith puota "fiesta" | OIr ibid "bebidas" < *pibeti ; W yfwn "bebemos" | əmpem "yo bebo" | pī "yo bebo" | pāsi "él traga" | ||
| *ǵews- "probar, saborear" | elegir (< OE ċēosan ) | Gótico kiusan "probar, poner a prueba", kausjan "probar"; OHG kiosan "elegir" | gustus "sabor" | geúomai "sabor" | juşate , joşati "disfruta" | Av zaoś- "estar complacido" | OCS (vŭ)kušati "ofrecer una comida, dar a probar" | OIr do-goa "elige" | zgjedh "elegir" desha "me encantó"; dashje "gusto, gusto, preferencia" (< PAlb *dāusnja ) | kukuš(-zi) "sabor" | |||
| *ǵenh₁- "engendrar, dar a luz, producir" [202][203][204][205][206] | pariente (< OE cynn "clase, clase, familia, generación") (> pariente ); especie (< OE (ġe)cynd "generación, naturaleza, raza, tipo"); rey (< OE cyning ); OE cennan "producir" | -kunds "nacido"; knoþs "raza, gente"; OHG tipo "niño"; Ger könig , Dut koning "rey" (< PGmc *kuningaz = *kunją "kin" + *-ingaz "de, perteneciente a") (> OCS kŭnędzĭ "príncipe"; Lith kùnigas "sacerdote"; Fin , Est kuningas "rey " (especialmente en ajedrez)) | (g)nāscor "he nacido, soy engendrado; crezco, brote"; gignō "yo engendro, llevo, doy a luz, engendro" ⇒ [nota 33] ; (g)natus "nacido, surgido, hecho" ⇒ [nota 34] ; nāscēns "nacer, surgir; emerger" ⇒ [nota 35] ; nātīvus "creado; impartido por nacimiento" ⇒ [nota 36] ; nātīvitās "nacimiento" ⇒ [nota 37] ; nātūra "naturaleza, cualidad, esencia" ⇒ [nota 38] ; nātiō "nacimiento; raza, clase; nación, pueblo" ⇒ [nota 39] ; nātālis "relativo al nacimiento, natal" ⇒ [nota 40] ; genre (generis) "nacimiento, origen; clase; especie; (gramática) género" ⇒ [nota 41] ; gēns (gentis) "tribu; pueblo, familia; clan romano" ⇒ [nota 42] ; ingēns "enorme, vasto; extraordinario"; genitus "engendrado, engendrado" ⇒ [nota 43] ; genius "rasgo innato, carácter innato; talento, ingenio" (> genius ); ingenuus "natural, indígena; nacido libre" ⇒ [nota 44] ; ingenium "cualidad innata, naturaleza, disposición; capacidad natural; talento" ⇒ [nota 45] ; indigenus = indu (dentro) + genre "nativo, indígena" (> indígena ); genimen "producto, fruto; progenie"; germen (germinis) "brote, brote; germen, origen, semilla; feto" ⇒ [nota 46] ; genitor "engendrador, padre, padre"; genetrīx "engendradora, madre"; naevus "marca de nacimiento, lunar" (> Lat Gnaeus ); genitālis "relación con el nacimiento, la generación; productivo" ⇒ [nota 47] | geínomai "yo nazco; yo engendro"; gígnomai "yo vengo a existir; yo me convierto"; gonḗ "descendencia; semilla" (> gónada ); geneā́ "nacimiento; raza, descendencia; generación; descendencia" (> genealogía , etc.); gnōtós "pariente"; génos "descendencia, descendiente, familia; nación, género"; génna, génnā "descendencia, linaje; origen, descendencia"; génesis "origen, fuente, modo de nacimiento" ⇒ [nota 48] ; gónos "fruto, producto; raza, descendencia; engendramiento; semilla"; genétēs, genétōr "engendrador, antepasado; padre" | jánati "(ella) da a luz"; jáyate "nace; se convierte en"; já-, -ja- "nacido; nacido de, engendrado de", p. ej., dvi·já- "nacido dos veces"; jantú "niño, descendencia; criatura"; jñāt́í "pariente, pariente"; jananī "madre, dadora de nacimiento"; jána- "gente, persona, raza"; jánana- "engendrar, nacimiento"; jánas "raza, clase, género"; jánman, janmá- "nacimiento, vida"; jániman "generación, nacimiento, origen"; janitṛ́ "engendrador, padre, progenitor"; jánitrī "engendrador, madre"; janátā "gente, gente, generación"; jātí "nacimiento, forma de existencia fijada al nacer, posición asignada por nacimiento, rango, linaje, casta" | Av zīzǝnti, zīzanǝnti "dan a luz"; Kurdo zayîn "dar a luz" Pasado zeẓ̌edə́l "nacer" | OCS zętĭ "yerno" | OPrus gamintun "dar a luz", gimdyti "dar a luz" | OIr -gainethar "que nace" < *ĝn̥-ye-tro ; [194] W geni "nacer" | cnanim "he nacido, oso" | dhëndër, dhândër "yerno, novio" < *ĝenH̥₁-tr- [ax] | AB kän- "hacerse realidad (un deseo), realizarse" | |
| *sewh₁- o *sewh₃- "dar a luz, engendrar, dar a luz" [30][31][32][33][207] (Véase también *suHnú-) | sū́te "(ella) engendra"; sūtá- "nacido, producido"; sūtí "nacimiento, producción" | Av hunāhi “dar a luz, engendrar” | OIr suth "producir, descendencia; leche" | šunnai "llena" | |||||||||
| *h₂ewg-, h₂weg- "crecer, aumentar"[208] | eke (< OE ēacian "aumentar"); cera (de la luna) (< OE weaxan "crecer") | aukan, auknan "aumentar (intr.)", wahsjan "crecer" < orig. causa. *h₂wog-s-éy-onom | augeō (augēre) "incrementar (tr.)" ⇒ [nota 49] ; auctor "cultivador - promotor, productor, autor, etc." ⇒ [nota 50] ; augmentum "crecimiento, incremento" ⇒ [nota 51] ; augur < augos "engrandecimiento" ⇒ [ nota 52] ; augustus "majestuoso, venerable" ⇒ [nota 53] ; auxilium "ayuda, auxilio; remedio" ⇒ [nota 54] | a(w)éksō "yo aumento (intr.)", aúksō, auksánō "yo aumento (tr.)" | úkṣati "(él) se vuelve más fuerte", vakṣáyati "(él) hace crecer"; ójas, ōjmán "fuerza, vitalidad, poder"; [209] ugrá- "inmenso, fuerte, duro"; | Av uxšyeiti "(él) crece", vaxšaiti "(él) hace crecer" | OCS jugъ "sur" (la dirección hacia donde sale el sol) | OPrus augtwei "crecer", Lith augti "crecer" | OIr fēr , W gwêr "gordo" < *weg- | ačem "crezco, me hago grande" | A oksiṣ "(él) crece"; A okṣu , В aukṣu "crecido" | ||
| *weǵ- "fresco, fuerte; vivaz, despierto" [210] | despertar (< OE wacian ); vigilar (< OE wæċċan ) | gawaknan "despertar, despertar" | vegeō (vegēre) "estar alerta, despierto, listo"; vigor "id"; vigil "despierto, observando" | vā́ja- "fuerza, energía, vigor, espíritu"; vájra- "duro; maza; rayo; diamante"; vājáyati "(él/ella) impulsa" | Idioma serbio svež / свеж "fresco" | ||||||||
| *gʷih₃wo- "vivo", *gʷih₃woteh₂ "vida" | rápido (< OE cwicu "vivo") | qius "vivo" | vīvus "vivo"; vīta "vida" | bíos, bíotos "vida", zoo "animal" | jīvá- , jīvaka- "vivo", jīvita·m, jīvā́tus, jīvathas "vida" | Av gayō , según. ǰyātum "vida"; Gayō mart "mortal viviente"; -ǰyāiti- "vida-"; Av ǰva- , OPers ǰīva- "vivo", NPers ǰavān- "vivo"; Kurdo jiyan, jîn "vida" Pasado žwənd "vida" | OCS živŭ "vivo", žitĭ, životŭ "vida"; Živa "vivo, viviente (deidad polabiana)" | OPrus giws "vivo", giwata "vida", Lith gyvas "vivo", gyvatė "serpiente" | Galia biuo-, bio- , [211] [ay] OIr biu, beo , W byw "vivo"; OIr bethu (bethad) , W bywyd "vida" < Protocelta *bivo-tūts | keam "Yo vivo" < *gʷi-yā-ye-mi [194] | B śai- "vivir" < *gweiH₃-ō | ḫuišu̯ant- "vivo; vivo" [212] [213] [214] [215] | |
| *ǵerh₂- "envejecer, madurar" [216][164] [204][217][218] (Véase también *ǵr̥h₂-nó-, *gʰreh₁-) | churl (< OE ċeorl, ċiorl "hombre libre") | Karl (< PGmc "hombre libre") (> eslavo korlǐ "rey") [az] | gérōn, gérontos "viejo; anciano" (> geronto- ); graûs "anciana"; geraiós "viejo"; géras "regalo de honor"; gerarós "honorable, majestuoso, respetable"; Graîa Graia > Graikós > Graeco-, griego | járati, jī́ryati "envejece; se desgasta; se consume, se digiere"; jīrṇá- "viejo, desgastado; digerido"; járan(t)- "viejo, enfermo; decaído"; jarā́, jarás, jariman "vejez" | OCS zĭrěti "madurar" | grua “mujer, esposa” < PAlb *grāwā | |||||||
| *mer- "morir" | asesinato (< OE morþor < *mr̥-tro-m ) | maúrþr "asesinato" | morior (morī) "morir" < *mr̥-yōr , mortalis "mortal" | brotós (< *mrotós ), mortós "mortal" | marati, máratē, mriyátē "(él) muere", mṛtá- "muerto", márta- , mortal | Av merə- "morir", miryeite "muere"; OPers martiya- "hombre (alguien que muere)", NPers mordan- "morir"; Mirin kurdo "morir" Pasado mrəl "morir" | OCS mĭrǫ, mrěti "morir" | Lith miŕštu (miŕti) "morir", merdėti "morir lentamente" | OIr marb , W marw "muerto" < *mr̥-wós | meṙanim "muero", mard "humano" | Mert "murió" | ||
| *kl̥H- "calvo, desnudo" [219][220] [221][222] | calvus "calvo, sin pelo" > calva "cráneo, cuero cabelludo" | kulvá- "calvo" | Idioma serbio ćelav / ћелав "calvo" | ||||||||||
| *kʷeh₂s- "toser"[223][224] | whoost "tos" (< OE hwōstan ) | Tos en alemán | Kurdo kuxin "toser", kuxik "toser" | OCS kašĭljati "toser" | Lith kosėti "toser" | koll "tos" | kollë "tos" | ||||||
| *perd- "pedo" [225] [226] | pedo (< OE feortan ) | perdido | párdate "(él/ella) se tira un pedo" | Perdétь en ruso "tirarse un pedo" | Lith perdžia "se tira un pedo" | bert "pedo" | pordhë "pedo" |
Funciones y estados mentales
| PASTEL | Inglés | gótico | latín | Griego antiguo | Sanskrit | iraní | eslavo | báltico | céltico | armenio | albanés | Tocario | hitita |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ḱlew(s)- "oír" | escuchar (< OE hlystan ), fuerte (< OE hlūd ) | hliuma "audición, oídos (en pl.)" | cluo (cluēre) "ser nombrado"; inclitus/inclutus "famoso" (oído hablar de) | ékluon "escuché" | śṛṇóti "(él) oye" < *ḱl̥-ne-w- ; śrúti "lo que se oye" | Av surunaoiti "(él) oye" < *k̂lu-n- | OCS slyšati "escuchar"; slušati "escuchar" | OPrus klausytun "escuchar", Lith klausyti "escuchar" | OIr ro-clui-nethar "oye"; W clywed "para escuchar"; Galia cluiou "Oigo" [227] | lsem "yo oigo" | Antiguo Tosk kluaj ( quaj estándar ) "llamar, nombrar" < *ḱlu(H)-eh₁- | A klyoṣ- , B klyauṣ- "oír" | |
*h₂ew- o *h₃ew- | OE ēawis "obvio" | audiō | aḯō | āvís | OC aviti "mostrar, aparecer" | Lith ovytis | |||||||
| *weyd- "ver, encontrar; saber" | ingenio ( OE wit "inteligencia", witan "saber" < PIE tiempo perfecto) | witan "saber" | videō (vidēre) "ver" | é(w)ide "él vio"; perf. oĩda "yo sé (lit. yo he visto)" | vindáti "(él) encuentra", ávidat "encontrado"; vetti, vēdate, vidáti "(él) sabe"; perfecto. veda "lo sé" | Av vī̆δaiti, vī̆nasti "(él) encuentra" | OCS viždǫ (viděti) "ver" | OPrus widatun "ver"; Lith veidas "cara" | W gweld "ver", gwybod "saber" | gtanem "encuentro" | |||
| *woyd- "saber" | Del perf. vaēδa "yo sé", vīdarǝ "ellos saben" | OCS věmĭ (věděti) "saber" | OPrus cinturaun "saber", Lith vaistas "medicina", vaidila "sacerdote pagano" | OIr encuentra , W gwn "(yo) sé" | dime "lo sé" | B ūwe "aprendió" < PToch *wäwen- < *wid-wo- | |||||||
| *ǵénH₃-, *ǵnéH₃-sḱ-, *ǵn̥-né-h₃- "reconocer, saber" | poder (< OE cann "yo sé, él sabe"), saber (< OE cnāwan < *ǵnēH₃-yo-nom ), escocés ken "saber" (< OE cennan "hacer saber" < PGerm *kann-jan ) | kunnan "saber" < *ǵn̥-n-h₃-onom , kann "yo sé" | (g)nōscō ((g)nōscere) "aprender sobre", nōvī "yo sé" (lit. "he aprendido") | gignṓskō (aoristo égnōn ) "Aprendo acerca de, percibo" | jānā́mi "Lo sé" < *janā́mi < *ǵn̥-nh₃-mi | Av zanā-ṯ, zanąn < *ǵn̥-ne-h₃-ti ; OPers a-dānā ( impf. ) "él sabía" < *ǵn̥-ne-h₃-mi , xšnāsātiy ( subj. ) "él debería saber"; Kurdo zanîn "saber" | OCS znajǫ (znati) "saber" < *ǵneh₃-yoh₂ | OPrus zinatun "reconocer, saber", Lith žinoti "conocer" [231] [232] | OIr itar-gninim, asa-gninaim "Soy sabio"; W adnabod "(Yo) sé" | čanačʿem , aoristo caneay "reconozco" | njoh "Lo sé" < *ǵnēh₃-sḱoh₂ | Un knā- , p. ej. knānmaṃ "conociendo" < *ǵneH₃- , kñas-äṣt "te has familiarizado" < *ǵnēH₃-s- | |
| *n̥- + *ǵneh₃-tos "no" + "saber" | grosero (< OE uncūþ "desconocido, extraño") | unkunþs "desconocido" | ignōtus , ignorāntem "desconocido, ignorante" | agnṓs (agnõtos) "desconocido" < *n̥- + *ǵnéH₃-ts | ajñāta- "desconocido" | OPrus nezinatun "no saber", Lith nežinoti "no saber" | OIr ingnad "extranjero" | an-can-awtʿ "ignorante, desconocido" | A ā-knats , B a-knātsa "ignorante" | ||||
| *lewbʰ- "amar; desear, codiciar, querer; admirar, alabar"[233][234] | amor (< OE lufu ); arco. lief "querido, amado" (< OE lēof ); lofe "alabar, exaltar; ofrecer" (< OE lofian, lof ) | lubō "amor" | libet "es agradable, placentero" | lúbhyati "(él/ella) desea grandemente; anhela, codicia; está perplejo"; lobháyati "(él/ella) causa desear, atraer, seducir; confundir, desconcertar"; lobhá "perplejidad, confusión; impaciencia, deseo ferviente, anhelo; codicia"; lobhin "codicioso, deseoso de, anhelando; codicioso" | OCS ljubiti "amar"; ljubŭ "dulce, agradable"; ljuby "amor"; Russ ljubímyj "favorito" | lyp "rogar" | |||||||
| *hombres- "pensar"[235][236] | mente (< OE (ġe)mynd "memoria" < *mn̥t-ís ); OE munan "pensar"; esbirro | munan "pensar"; muns (pl. muneis ) "pensamiento" < *mn̥-is ; gamunds (gamundáis) "recuerdo" < *ko(m)-mn̥t-ís | meminī "yo recuerdo" ⇒ [nota 57] ; reminīscor "yo recuerdo, recuerdo" ⇒ [nota 58] mēns (mentis) "mente" < *mn̥t-is ; memor "atento, recordando" ⇒ [nota 59] commentus "ideado, ideado; inventado"; moneō "yo recuerdo, advierto"; mōnstrum "un presagio divino; portento" ⇒ [nota 60] ; Minerva | mémona "pienso en"; maínomai "me vuelvo loco"; mimnḗskō "recuerdo, recuerdo"; mnáomai "soy consciente, recuerdo; cortejo, cortejo"; autómatos "obstinado, espontáneo; automotivado, automático"; ménos "mente; deseo; ira"; Méntōr "mentor"; manthánō "aprendo; sé, entiendo; noto"; máthēma "algo que se aprende, lección; aprendizaje, conocimiento" ⇒ [nota 61] ; Promētheús ] | mányate "(él) piensa"; mántra- "pensamiento, el instrumento del pensamiento"; [237] mánas "mente"; máti "intención del pensamiento; opinión, noción; percepción, juicio"; mantṛ́ "pensador, consejero"; medhā́ "sabiduría, inteligencia" (Ver mazdā ); mantrín "ministro, consejero, consejero" > mandarín | Av mainyeite "(él) piensa"; mazdā "sabiduría, inteligencia"; OPers mainyāhay "yo pienso", NPers Došman- "Alguien que tiene una mala mente"; kurdo mejî "cerebro, mente" | OCS mĭněti "querer decir"; pamętĭ "memoria"; myslĭ "pensamiento" | OPrus mintun "adivinar", minisna "memoria", mints "acertijo", mentitun "mentir", Lith mintis "pensamiento", minti "adivinar", minėti "mencionar" | OIr do-moiniur "Creo, quiero decir" | mendoj "creo" | A mnu "pensamiento"; B mañu "demanda (n.)" | memmāi "dice" | |
*(s)mer- | mammer "dudar; mascullar, balbucear por vacilación" | memor | mérmeros | smárati | mariti (< SE "preocuparse por algo/alguien") | ||||||||
*teng- | pensar | tongeō | A tuṅk , B taṅkw "amor" | ||||||||||
*mers- | mar | mṛ́ṣyate | Lith miršti "olvidar, perder, volverse inconsciente" | mërzi "aburrimiento" mërzit "molestar, fastidiar" | |||||||||
| *sekʷ- "ver, decir" | ver (< OE sēon ); decir (< OE sec̣gan < PGerm *sag(w)jan < *sokʷéyonom ) | saíƕan "ver";OHG sagen"decir" <*sokʷē- | īnseque "¡declara!" | énnepe "¡cuéntalo!" | śacate "(él) dice" | OCS se compromete a "anunciar" | Lith sakyti "decir", sekti "contar una historia, seguir" | OIr insce "yo hablo"; OIr rosc "ojo" < *pro-skʷo- ; OW hepp "(él) dijo" | sheh "(él) ve" | A ṣotre , B ṣotri "signo" | sakuwāi- "ver" | ||
*derḱ- | ME torhte "brillante, resplandeciente, radiante" | dérkomai | dṛś- | Oir : dearc ~tha ).Mira, he aquí; Considere, considere. | ndrri , ndrritje "brillante, iluminado" | ||||||||
*(s)péḱ- | espía | -spex | skopéō | spáś | Lith spoksoti "seguir mirando" | shpik "inventar" shpikje "invención, creación" | |||||||
*kʷeḱ- | tékmar | kā́śate | De cašman "ojo" | OCS kazati "mostrar; decir, testificar" | Lith kušlas "que tiene mala vista" | ||||||||
| *wekʷ- "decir" | OE wōma "ruido" < *wōkʷ-mō(n) | OHG giwahanen "mención" < PGerm *gawahnjan (denom. construido sobre *wokʷ-no- ) | vocō (vocāre) "llamar", vōx (vōcis) "voz" | eĩpon (aor.) "habló" < *e-we-ikʷ-om < *e-we-ukʷ-om , (w)épos "palabra" | vákti, vívakti "(él) dice", vāk "voz", vácas- "palabra" | Av vač- "hablar, decir", vāxš "voz", vačah "palabra", NPers vāk- "voz"; Kurdo vaj "voz", bivaj- "decir" | OCS vikǫti "llamar, gritar" | OPrus enwackēmai "llamamos" | OIr foccul "palabra", W gwaethl "argumento, pelea verbal" < * wokʷ-tlo-m | yo llamo | A wak , B wek "voz" | ḫuek-, ḫuk- jurar" | |
| *bʰeh₂- "hablar, decir" [256] | ban (< PGmc *bannaną "proclamar, ordenar, convocar") | fāma "fama"; fās "ley divina; voluntad de dios, destino"; for (fārī) "hablo, hablo, digo"; fātus "palabra, dicho; oráculo, profecía; destino"; fateor (fatērī, fassus sum) "confieso, admito, reconozco"; fābula "discurso, narración; cuento, fábula"; Sp hablar , Pt falar "hablar" | phōnḗ "voz"; phḗmē "voz profética; rumor; reputación"; phēmí "hablo, digo"; prophḗtēs "el que habla en nombre de un dios: proclamador, profeta"; phásis "declaración, declaración, expresión" | bhā́ṣā "habla, lenguaje"; bhā́ṣati "(él/ella) habla" | bajka "fábula"; [bc] OCS balii (bali) "médico, (curandero, encantador)" | ||||||||
| *preḱ-, *pr̥-sḱ- < *pr̥ḱ-sḱ- "preguntar" | Scot frain "preguntar" (< OE freġnan ) | fraíhnan "preguntar"; OHG forscōn "preguntar, investigar" | precor (precārī) "orar", poscō (poscere) "exigir, pedir" | pṛccháti "(él) pregunta" | Av pǝrǝsaiti "(él) pregunta, desea" < *pr̥-sḱ- ; Operadores aor.? aparsam "(él) preguntó"; "Pregunta" de los pirs kurdos Pasado pox̌tə́l "preguntar" | OCS prositi "pedir, exigir" | OPrus prasitun "preguntar", Lith prašyti "preguntar" | OIr imm-chom-arc "preguntas mutuas, saludos"; NIr arco , W archaf "Pregunto" | harcʿanem "pido" | pyet "preguntar" porosit "recomendar, ordenar" (un artículo o una comida) | A prak- , B prek- "preguntar" | ||
| *kelh₁-, (s)kel-dʰ- "llamar, llorar, convocar"[257][258] | arrastrar (< OE halian ); regañar (< ON skald ) | calō "llamo, anuncio solemnemente; convoco"; concilium "un concilio, reunión" ⇒ [nota 73] ; classis "las fuerzas armadas; flota; grupo o clase" > clase ; kalendae "las calendas" > calendario ; clāmō "clamo, clamo, grito, vocifero" ⇒ [nota 74] ; clārus "claro, brillante; renombrado, famoso; ruidoso, distinto" ⇒ [nota 75] | kaléō "llamo, saludo; convoco, invito" | klándati, krándati "(él/ella) se lamenta llora; llora; suena"; uṣaḥkala-, uṣakala- "gallo, encendido, canto del amanecer" | Kurdo kalîn "gemir, gemir, lamentar", dikale "él/ella está de luto" | OCS klakolŭ "campana"; Russ skulítʹ "gemir, susurrar" | Lith kalbėti "hablar" | Gheg kaj "llorar, llorar" | |||||
| *bʰeyh₂- "temer, tener miedo" [259] | bive, bever "sacudir, temblar" (< OE bifian ) | foedus "sucio, inmundo, indecoroso; vil" | bháyate "(él/ella) tiene miedo"; bhī, bhīti, bhayá- "miedo" | OCS bojati "tener miedo, tener miedo" | Lith baimė "miedo" | ||||||||
| *h₁néh₃mn̥ o *h₁nómn̥ "nombre" | nombre (< OE nama ) | namō (acc. pl. namna ) "nombre" | nōmen "nombre" | ónoma "nombre" | nā́ma(n) (instrumental sg. nā́mnā ) "nombre" | Av nāma "nombre"; NPers nām- "nombre"; Navegador kurdo "nombre" Número pasado "nombre" | OCS imę "nombre" < protoeslavo *inmen < *n̥men | OPrus emnes, emmens "nombre" < *enmen- | OIr ainmm n- , OW anu "nombre"; Galia anuan < anman "nombre" [260] | anun "nombre" | Gheg emën , Tosk emër "nombre" < *enmen- | A ñem , B ñom "nombre" | lāman- "nombre" |
Condiciones generales y estados
| PASTEL | Inglés | gótico | latín | Griego antiguo | Sanskrit | iraní | eslavo | báltico | céltico | armenio | albanés | Tocario | hitita |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *(s)teyg- "ser agudo; picar" [261][262] [263][264] | palo (< OE sticca ); puntada (< OE stiċe ); cardo (< OE þistel ) | īn stīgō "estimulo, incito, despierto" > instigo ; stilus (más tarde escrito stylus [bd] ) "instrumento puntiagudo, punta" ⇒ [nota 76] | stizō "yo tatúo; marco"; stíxis "marca; mancha, señal"; stígma "marca, tatuaje; mancha, mancha" | téjate "afilarse; energizarse"; téjas "punta afilada de un cuchillo; luz, brillantez, resplandor; esplendor; poder ardiente"; tīkṣṇá "agudo; caliente, ardiente, picante; agudo, penetrante"; tigmá "agudo, puntiagudo; picante, abrasador, acre" | Por ejemplo, "agudo" | ||||||||
*teh₂- | deshielo | tābēs | tîphos | tāmara | OC tajati "derretir" |
Características naturales
| PASTEL | Inglés | gótico | latín | Griego antiguo | Sanskrit | iraní | eslavo | báltico | céltico | armenio | albanés | Tocario | hitita |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *h₂ster- "estrella" (Ver también: *h₂eHs-) | estrella (< OE steorra ) | staírnō "estrella" | stēlla "estrella" | astḗr "estrella" [ser] | raíz stṛ ( stá "estrella", stáras "estrellas"), raíz contraída tṛ ( tārā "estrella") | Acceso Av . stā̆rǝm (ablaudiendo) [bf] "estrella"; Stêr kurdo "estrella" | MIr ser , W seren , bretón sterenn "estrella"; Celta Sirona (< *Tsirona ) "astral", "estelar" | astł "estrella"; Astłik "deidad del amor, la fertilidad y la luz del cielo" | pl. A śreñ , B ściriñ "estrellas" | ḫasterza "estrella" | |||
| * dyḗws [ii]"día, cielo diario → el dios del cielo"; *déywos "celestial → dios" | Martes (< OE Tīwes-dæġ lit. "día de Tīw" [bg] ) | tiws "dios", ON Týr "Tīw" (el dios de la guerra) | Iuppiter (Iovis) , latín antiguo Diū-piter (Diovis) " Júpiter "; diēs "día", deus, dīvus "dios" [bh] | Zdeús (Di(w)ós) [iii] "Zeus" | d(i)yāús (divás, dyōs) [iii] "cielo", dēvás "dios", devī́ "diosa" | Av daēva- "demonio"; Kurdo dêw "gigante" | ( OCS dĭnĭ (dĭne) "día" < * din-is ), ucraniano dyvo y ruso divo " milagro" | OPrus deina "día", deiws "dios", Lith diena "día", dievas "dios" | OIr dīe , W dydd "día"; OIr dia (dē) , OW duiu- "Dios" | tiw (tuənǰean) "día" | din “amanecer” <PAlb * deina “día” zot “dios” < PIE *tinte + *átta | Šiuš " Dios hitita del cielo o del sol" [268] [bi] | |
| *seh₂wol-, *sh₂un- "sol" | sol (< OE sunne ) | sauil, sunnō "sol" | sōl "sol" | Homérico hēélios "sol" < *sāwélios ; [bj] Helios "deidad del sol" | súvar (súra-) "sol, luz, cielos", sūra- , sūrya "sol" | Av hvarǝ (hūrō) "sol, luz, cielos", Hvare -khshaeta "deidad del sol radiante" | OCS slĭnŭce "sol" < *sulnika- , Rus . po-solon' "en dirección al sol" | OPrus sauli "sol", sawaiti "semana", Lith saulė "sol" | OIr sūil "ojo"; W haul "sol" | ylli "estrella" < *sūlo- o *sūli- | Un swañceṃ ; B swañco , swañciye "rayo de sol" (< Tocario común * su̯āntœ ) [269] | D UTU-li-ya"Diosa del sol" | |
| *meh₁ns- "luna, mes" | luna (< OE mōna ), mes (< OE mōnaþ ) | mēna "luna", mēnoþs "mes" | mēnsis "mes" | Att mḗn , Ion meis , Dor mḗs "mes", mḗnē "luna" | mā́s "luna"; mā́sa "mes" | Av mā̊ (mā̊ŋhō) "luna"; NPers māh "luna, mes"; Kurdo meh "mes", mang "luna" | OCS měsęcĭ "luna, mes" < *mēs-n̥-ko- | OPrus miniks "luna", mins "mes", Lith mėnulis "luna", mėnesis "mes" | OIr mī (mīs) "mes" < *mēns ;; W mis "mes" | amigos "mes" | muai "mes" | A mañ B meñe "mes"; A mañ ñkät B meṃ "luna" | |
| * dʰeǵʰom - "tierra" (Véase también *dʰǵʰemon-) | humus "tierra" ⇒ [nota 77] | kʰtʰṓn (kʰtʰonós) "tierra", kʰamaí "sobre la tierra" [bk] | kṣā́s (acc. kṣā́m , gen. jmá- ) "tierra" | Av zā̊ (acc. ząm , gen. zǝmō ) "tierra"; kurdo zevî "tierras de cultivo"; NPers zamin "tierra, suelo", zamin dar "propietario de la tierra" | OCS zemĭ, zemlja "tierra"; Russ Cherno zem "tierra negra" | OPrus zemê "tierra", semmai "sobre la tierra" (adverbio); Lith žemė "tierra" | OIr dū "lugar"; Galés dyn "hombre" | la "tierra" | A tkaṃ (tkanis) , B keṃ "tierra" | tēkan (tagnās) "tierra" | |||
*h₂éḱmō | martillo | ákmōn | áśman | Asman "cielo" | OC kamy, gen. kamene "piedra" | Lith akmuõ, gen. akmeñs "piedra" | |||||||
*lep- | lapislázuli | lépas | |||||||||||
| *wódr̥ (udéns) pl. *wédōr (udnés) "agua" | agua (< OE wæter ) | watō (watins) "agua" | Umbría utur "agua", latín unda "ola" | húdōr (húdatos) "agua"; Hidra (lit.) "animal acuático" | udaká- (loc. udán(i) , pl. udá ), udra "agua"; sam udra "océano" (literalmente "reunión de aguas") | Av aoδa- "primavera", vaiδi- "corriente" | OCS voda "agua", Russ . vedro "cubo"; Russ. vódka "un poco de agua" | OPrus undan "agua", Lith vanduo gen. vandens "agua" | OIr u(i)sce "agua" < *udeskyo- ; Ing. Whisky < uisce beatha "agua de vida" | conseguir "rio" | ujë "agua" | A guerra , B guerra "agua" | wātar (wetenas) "agua" |
| *dóru, *drew- "madera, árbol" | árbol (< OE trēo ) | triu "árbol, madera" | dóru, drûs "árbol, madera" | dā́ru, drṓs, drú- "árbol, madera" | Av dāru- "árbol, madera"; Kurdo dar "árbol, madera" | OCS drěvo "árbol" | OPrus drawê "agujero en un árbol, árbol hueco", Lith drevė "agujero en un árbol", derva "alquitrán" | OIr daur "roble", W derwen "roble" | "firma" de tranvía | dru "árbol, madera" | AB o "madera" | taru "árbol" | |
| *h₂weh₁n̥to- "viento", *h₂weh₁- "soplar" | viento (< OE viento ); OE wāwan "soplar" | vientos "viento"; waian "soplar" | ventus "viento" | áenta (acc.) "viento", áēsi "(él) sopla" | vā́ta- (vānt-) [277] "viento", vāti "(él) sopla", Vāyu "señor de los vientos"; nir·vāṇa- "extinción, estallido" [278] | Av vātō "viento", vāiti "(él) sopla", Vayu-Vata "un par de deidades: Vayu/Viento y Vata/Aire"; kurdo ba , wa , va "viento", hewa "aire, clima" | OCS vějǫ (vějetŭ) "soplar", větrŭ "viento" | OPrus witra "viento"; Lith vėjas "viento", vėtra "viento fuerte", Vėjo patis "dios de los vientos" | W gwynt "viento" | vetëtin “ truena ” | Un deseo , B yente "viento" | ḫūwanz [279] "viento" | |
| *sneygʷʰ- "nevar" | nieve (< OE snāw < *snóygʷʰos , snīwan "nevar" < *snéygʷʰonom ) | snáiws "nieve" | nix (nivis) "nieve", ninguō (ninguere) "nevar" | nípʰa (acc.) "nieve", neípʰei "nieva" | sneha- "nieve" | Av snaēža- "nevar"; Shughni žǝnij "nieve" < *snaiga- | OCS sněgŭ "nieve" | OPrus snaigs "nieve", Lith sniegas "nieve", snigti "nevar" | OIr snecht(a)e , W nyf "nieve" (< *snigʷo- ); OIr sarcástico "llueve" | B śin̄catstse "nevado" (< *śin̄ce (“nieve”) < *snígʷi ) | |||
| *h₁n̥gʷnís "fuego" < *h₁engʷ- "quemar"; [280] *h₁óngʷl̥ "carbón" | ignis "fuego" | agní "fuego"; áṅgāra "carbón" | OCS ognĭ "fuego"; ǫglĭ "carbón" | Lith ugnis "fuego", anglis "carbón" Lv uguns "fuego" | y enjte “jueves” < PAlb *agni “fuego” | ||||||||
| *péh₂wr̥, ph₂unés "hoguera"[bl] | fuego (< OE fȳr < *fuïr [bl] ) | fōn (funins) [bl] "fuego"; OHG fuïr [bl] (dos sílabas) < *puwéri | Umbría pir "fuego" < *pūr , acc. purom-e "al fuego" < *pur- | pũr (purós) "fuego" | pāru (pēru) "sol, fuego" | NPers fer "horno, horno" | checo pýř "ceniza incandescente", Pol perzyna "brasas", eslovaco pyr , UpSb pyr "cenizas" [281] Ukr para "vapor (n.)" | OPrus pannu "fuego" | hur "fuego" | A por , B puwar, puwār, pwār "fuego" | paḫḫur "fuego" | ||
| *dʰuh₂mós "fumar" < *dʰewh₂- "fumar" [282] | rocío (< OE dēaw ) | fūmus "humo" | thūmós "alma, vida, aliento; deseo, temperamento" | dhūmá- "humo; niebla, neblina" | Kurdo tú, duque | OCS dymŭ "humo" | tym “humo” < PAlb ātuma | ||||||
| *h₂eHs- "secar; arder, brillar; hogar; cenizas" [283] [284] [267] | ceniza (< OE æsce ); | azgō "ceniza; ceniza" | āreō "estoy seco; secado, marchito"; āridus "seco, reseco, marchito, árido" > árido ; āra "altar; santuario, refugio"; assus "asado, horneado; secado"; Osc aasa "altar" | ázō "yo seco"; ásbolos "hollín" | ā́sa- "cenizas, polvo" | A/B ās- "secarse; secarse" | ḫašš- "ceniza; polvo"; ḫašša- "hogar"; Lyc χaha-(di-) "altar" | ||||||
*ken- | cinis, cineris | κόνις | kaṇa- | ||||||||||
| *gʷʰerm- "cálido" | ? calentar (< OE wearm ); OE ġierwan "preparar, cocinar" < PGerm *garwjan | ? warmjan "calentar" | fórmula "caliente" | tʰermós "caliente" | gʰarmá- "calor" | Av garǝma- "caliente, calor"; OPers Garma-pada- , nombre del cuarto mes, correspondiente a junio/julio, orig. (?) "entrada del calor"; germen kurdo "caliente, tibio" | Ruso . žar "calor", goret' "quemar" < *gʷʰer | OPrus garmê "calor, resplandeciente", Lith žarijos "cenizas", žėrėti "brillar" | OIr gorn "fuego" < *gʷʰor-nos | ǰerm "caliente" | Gheg zjarm "fuego, calor" ngroh “caliento” ziej “hiervo, cocino” < PAlb *džernja | A śärme "calor (del verano)" | |
*dʰegʷʰ- | foveō | téphrā | dáhati | OC žešti (žeg-) "quemar"; | Lith dė̃gis "cicatriz de quemadura" | ndez “iluminar” djeg "quemar" | |||||||
| *h₁ews- "quemar";[290][291] | brasa (< OE ǣmyrġe ) | ūrō "quemo, consumo, inflamó"; ustus "quemado, inflamado"; bustum < amb-bustum "un túmulo, una tumba"; combūrō "quemo, incinero, escaldo" > quemo ; ūrna "urna, jarra de agua" (lit. un recipiente de arcilla quemada) | heúō "yo chamusco" | óṣati "quema, abrasa; castiga"; uṣṭá "quemó"; uṣṇá "tibio, caliente" | |||||||||
| *gel- "estar frío, congelarse" | frío (< OE ceald ) | kalds "frío (del tiempo)" | gelus "hielo", gelidus "helado" | śarada "otoño" | MBulg goloti "hielo" | Lith gelmenis , gelumà "gran frío" | |||||||
| *temH- "(ser) oscuro" *témHos "oscuridad" | OHG demar "crepúsculo" | tenebrae "oscuridad" (< *temebrai < *temasro ) | támas "oscuridad, penumbra", támisrā "noche oscura" | Av taΘra "oscuridad", təmah | OCS tĭmĭnŭ "oscuridad", tĭma' , Rus temnotá "oscuridad" | Lith tamsa "dark, darkness", tiḿsras "a darker shade of red"; Latv tumšs, timšs "dark", tùmsa "darkness"[292] | OIr temel "darkness" (< PCel *temeslos); OW timuil "dark, darkness" | B tamãsse "dark" | |||||
| *nébʰos "cloud; mist"[184] | OE nifol "dark [misty]" | ON Niflheimr "home of mists" | nebula "fog, cloud" | népʰos "cloud"; nepʰélē "mass of clouds; name of a nymph" | nábʰas "mist; sky, cloud"; nábʰāsa "celestial, heavenly; appearing in the sky" | nabah- "heavens" (litt. "nimbuses, clouds")[293] | OCS nebo "heaven, sky"; Pol niebo "sky"; Cz nebesa "skies"; Rus Небеса "heaven" | Lith debesis "cloud", Ltv debesis skies, heavens | OIr nem "sky"; OBret nem, MBret neff "sky" | avull “steam” <PAlb *abula | nēpiš- "sky, heaven"; CLuw tappaš- "heaven"; HierLuw tipas- "heaven" | ||
*lew- | lutum "dirt, clay, mud"; polluō | lûma | Lith liutýnas "loam pit" | OIr loth "mud" | lym "mud" | ||||||||
*sámh₂dʰos | sand | sabulō, sabulum | psámathos | ||||||||||
| *srew-, *srew-mo, *sru-to "to flow, stream" (in river names)[bn] | stream (< OE strēam) | ON straumr "a stream" | rheûma "flow" | srutá- "flow", srava "a flow of, a waterfall" (< *srówos) | YAv θraotah- "stream" (< OIA srótas-); OPer rautaʰ- "river" | OCS struja "stream", o-strovŭ "island";[bo] Rus strumenı "brook"; Pol strumień "brook, river" | Lith sraumuõ "brook, stream"; Latv strāva "current"; Lith sraujà, Latv strauja "stream";[298] Lith sraũtas "flow, torrent" | OIr sruaimm, Ir sruth "stream, river"; MW ffrwd "brook, stream"; OBret frut "stream" | OArm aṙu "brook; canal" (< srutis-) | rrymë "stream, current; flow (of water)" | |||
| *dʰenh₂- "to set in motion, to flow";[299] *déh₂nu "river goddess" | fōns < PItal *ðonts "spring, fountain; fresh water; source" | dhánvati "it runs, flows, causes to run or flow";[300] dhána- "competition, contest; prize"; dā́nu "fluid, drop, dew" | Dnieper < OOss dānu apara "the far river"[301] | Danube < PCelt *Dānowyos | |||||||||
*dʰol- | dale | thólos | OCS dolŭ "valley; depression" | ||||||||||
| *móri "lake?, sea?"[bp] | OE mere "lake" | marei "sea" | mare "sea" | maryā́dā "shore; bank of a water body" | OCS morje "sea" | Lith mãrės "sea" | OIr muir "sea"; W môr "sea"; Gaul Morini "those from the sea (name of a tribe)" | OAr mor < mawr "mud, marsh, swamp" |
Directions
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *per- "through, across, beyond" | far (< OE feorr) | faírra "far"; faír- "around; (intensifier)" | per "through" | perí, pér "around" | pári "forward" | Av pairi; OPers pariy "forward"; Kurd ber "in front of, before" | OCS prě- "forward" | OPrus pro-, pra- "trough, across", Latvian pāri "across", Lith per "across", pra- "to start and finish doing something", pro- "through" | OIr ir-, W er "forward" | heṙu "far" | për, pej, pe "forward" | parā, Lycian pri "forth" | |
| *upér(i) "over, above" | over (< OE ofer) | ufar "over, above, beyond" | super "over" (influenced by sub "under") | hypér (< *supér) "over" | upári "over, above, beyond" | Av 'upairi, OPers "over, above, beyond" | OCS po "upon, at" | OPrus uppin "cloud", | OIr for, W gor, gwar "over, on" | ver "up" | epër "over, above" | ||
| *h₂ents "forehead", *h₂entí, *h₂entá "in front of" | and (< OE and) | and "along, throughout, towards, in, on, among"; OHG enti "previously" < PGerm *andiaz | ante "in front of" | antí "instead of" | anti "opposite to it" | Kurd enî "front, forehead" | Lith añt "on" antai "there" | OIr étan "forehead" < *antono- | ənd "instead of" | ende “yet, still” edhe “and” (< ênde) | A ānt, B ānte "surface, forehead" | ḫānz, ḫanti "in front" | |
| *h₁én "in" | in (< OE in) | in "in, into, towards" | in "in" | en "in" | án-īka- "face" < ?*h₁eni-Hkʷ | Av ainika "face" < ?*h₁eni-Hkʷ | OCS on-, vŭn-, vŭ "in" | OPrus en "in", Lith į "in" | OIr in- "in"; W yn "in" | i "in" | në “in” | AB y-, yn-, B in- "in" | an-dan "inside" |
| *h₂epó "away" | of, off (< OE of) | af "from, of, by" (ab-u "from ...?") | ab "away" | apó "from" | ápa "away" | Av apa, OPers apa "away" | OCS ot, "from, apart of" | Lith apačià "bottom" < *apotyā | prapë "back" < *per-apë pa “without” | āpa "behind, back" (or ? < *epi) | |||
| *deḱs- "the right (side)" | Gothic taihswa "right side" | dexter | dexiós; Myc de-ki-si-wo | dákṣina "right, south" | Av dašina "right, south"; MPer dašn "right hand, right side" | OCS desnŭ "right (side)" | Lith dẽšinas | Gaul Dexsiva (Dexsiua) | djathtë “right” <PAlb *detsa | ||||
| *marǵ-, *merǵ- "edge; boundary, border" [304][305][306] | mark (< OE mearc); march (< OF markōn) | margō (marginis) "border, edge" > margin | maryā "limit, mark, boundary"; mārga- "way, road, path" | ||||||||||
| *bʰudʰmḗn "bottom"[307] | butt (< OE bytt); bottom, botham (< OE bodan, botm) | fundus "bottom, ground, foundation; farm, estate" | puthmḗn "bottom (cup, jar, sea)" | budhná "bottom, ground, base, depth" | Gaul bona "base, bottom, village" (found in several placenames: Bonna > Bonn; Windo-bona "white village" > Vienna; Bononia > Boulogne(-sur-Mer))[308] | buzë “lip, edge” <PAlb *budza bythë"bottom" |
Basic adjectives
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
*bʰerǵʰ- | borough, borough, Brough, bur-, burg, burgh, bury, -bury | baurgs, OHG burg "fortress, citadel"; OHG Burgunt (a female personal name)[313] | fortis "strong, powerful; firm" ⇒ | bṛhát, bṛhánt- "tall, elevated";[313] | Av barəzah‑ "height", Harā Bərəzaitī "a mythical mountain" (litt. "High Watchpost") | OCS brěgŭ "hill, slope; bank, shore" | MIr brí, MW bre, MBre bre, Gaul -briga "elevation, hill"; Gaul Brigantes (ethnonym); Celt Brigantia (name of a goddess),[313] Ir Brigid (goddess) < PCelt *Brigantī "The High One" | barjr "high" | A pärk- "to elevate"; B pärkare "long" | parkuš "tall" | |||
| *weh₁-, *weh₁ros "true" [316][317][318] | OE wǣr "true" | Ger wahr Dut waar "true" | vērus "true" (> very,[bq] verify, verity, etc.) | OCS věra "faith, belief" | OIr. fír "true" | urtë “quiet” <PAlb *wara | |||||||
| *medʰyo- "mid, middle" | mid, middle (< OE mid, middel) | midjis "middle" | medius "middle" | més(s)os "middle" | mádʰya- "middle" | Av maiδya- "middle" | OCS meždu "between", Russ. meža "boundary" | OPrus meddin "forest" (between villages), Lith medis, Latv mežs "tree" | OIr mid- "middle" < *medʰu-; MW mei- "middle" < *medʰyo- | mēǰ "middle" | mes, mjet "in between, middle" | ||
| *meǵ- "big" | much (< OE myc̣el "big, many") | mikils "big" | magnus "big" | mégas "big" | máha-, mahā́nt- "big" | Av mazant- "big" | OPrus mazs "smaller", Lith mažas "small" | OIr mochtae, MIr mag-, maige "big" | mec "big" | madh "big" | A mak, B makā "much" | mekkis "big" | |
| *dlongʰos, *dl̥h₁gʰós "long";[319] | long (< OE long, lang); | langs "long" | longus "long" | dolikhós "long, protracted"; | dīrghá- "long" | Av darəga "long" | OCS dlĭgŭ "long"; | Lith ilgas "long" | gjatë "long" | talugai- "long" | |||
| *gʷerH₂- "heavy" | kaúrus "heavy" | grāvis "heavy" | barús "heavy" | gurú- "heavy" | Av gouru- "heavy-", NPers girān "heavy" < *grāna- (influenced by *frāna "full") | OCS gromada "big size, huge", gruz "a load, something heavy", | OPrus garrin "tree", Lith geras "good" | MIr bair "heavy (?)", W bryw "strong" | zor "brute force; great effort" | A kra-marts "heavy (?)", B krā-mär "burden" < *gʷroH₂-mVr- | |||
| *h₁le(n)gʷʰ-, *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ro-, *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-u-[br] "light (in weight)" | light (< OE lēoht) | leihts "light" < *h₁lengʷʰ-tos; OHG lungar "fast" < *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ros | levis "light" < *h₁legʷʰ-us | elakʷʰús "small" < *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-us, elapʰrós "light, quick" < *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ros | lagʰú-, ragʰú- "quick, light, small" | Av ragu-, fem. rǝvī "fast", superl. rǝnjišta- "fastest" | OCS lŭgŭkŭ "light" | OPrus langus "light", langsta "window", lankewingis "flexible", linktwei "to bend", Lith lengvas "light", lankstus "flexible", langas "window", lenkti "to bend" | OIr laigiu, laugu, MW llei "smaller" | lanǰ "breast" | lehtë "light-weight" | B lankutse "light" | |
| *h₂élyos, *h₂ényos "other"; *h₂énteros "second" | else (< OE elles); other (< OE ōþer) | aljis, anþar "other" | alius "other" | állos "other" | anyá-, ántara- "other"; aryas, Aryan, "else" | Av anya-, ainya-, OPers aniya- "other"; Av airiia, Aryan, "friend", "faithful", airiio "elsehow"; Ossetian ändär "other"; East Iranian hal-ci "whoever" | Old Sorbian wutory "other" < PSlav *ǫtorŭ | OPrus antars "second", Lith antras "second" | OIr aile, W ail "other"; Gaul allos "other, second"[320] | ayl "other" | lloj “sort, type” | A ālya-kə, B alye-kə "another" | Lydian aλa- "other" |
| *néwo- "new" | new (< OE nīwe) | niujis "new" | novus "new" | né(w)os "new" | náva- "new" | Av nava- "new" | OCS novŭ "new" | OPrus nawas "new", Lith naujas "new" | OIr nūë, W newydd "new" | nor "new" < *nowero- | A ñu, B ñune "new" | newa- "new" | |
| *h₂yuHn̥- "young" | young (< OE ġeong < *h₂yuHn̥ḱós) | juggs "young" | juvenis "young", iuvencus "young"/"bullock" | yúvan- (yū́nas) "young" | Av yvan-, yavan- (yūnō) "youth, young man" | OCS junŭ "young" | Lith jaunas "young" | OIr ōac "young", W ieuanc "young" < *H₂yuHn̥k̂ós | |||||
| *sen- "old" | sineigs "old (person)" | senex "old" | hénos "former, from a former period" | sánas "old" | Av hana- "old" | OCS sedyi "grey-headed" | OPrus sentwei "to get old", Lith senas "old" | OIr sen "old", Old Welsh hen "old" | hin "old" | ||||
| *nogʷ- "naked" | naked (< OE nacod "naked") | naqaþs "naked" | nudus "naked" | gumnós "naked" | nagnás "naked" | NPers loxt "naked" | OCS nagŭ "naked" | OPrus nags "naked", Lith nuogas "naked" | OIr nocht "naked"; W noeth "naked, bare" | nekumant- "naked, bare" | |||
| *bʰosós "bare, barefoot"[321] | bare (< OE bær) | OCS bosŭ "barefooted, unshod" | Lith basas "barefooted" | ||||||||||
| *n̥mr̥tós "immortal"[322] | ámbrotos "immortal, divine" | amṛ́ta- "immortal" | |||||||||||
| *h₂eḱ- "sharp"[323] | edge (< OE eċġ) | aceō (acēre) "I am sour"; acidus "sour"; acētum "vinegar"; acus "needle, pin"; astus "craft, guile", astūtus "shrewd, astute" | akmé "point, edge"; oxús "sharp, pointed; quick; clever" | Persian āčār "pickle, marinade" | OCS ostĭnŭ "sharp point" | Lith akstinas "pointy and sharp item" | teh “blade” from eh “sharpen” | ||||||
| *bel- "strong"[324] | dēbilis[bs] "feeble, weak" | βελτίων "better" | bála- "force, strength, power" | Russ bolʹšój "big, large, great" |
Light and color
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *lewk- "light, brightness" | light (< OE lēoht) | liuhaþ (liuhadis) "light" | lūceō (lūcēre) "to shine", lūx "light" | leukós "bright, shining, white"; Leuce "white (poplar); name of a nymph"; Leucothea "bright goddess" | rócate "(he) shines", roká- "light", loka- "world, place" | Av raočant- "shining", raočah "light"; OPers raučah "light"; Kurd roj "sun, light, day", ron "light" | OCS luča "ray, flash" < *loukyā | OPrus lauk "bright", lauksna "star", laukas "field", Lith laukas "outside, field" | OIr luchair "shine"; W llachar "bright", llug "shimmer" | loys "light" | AB lyuk/luk- "to shine" | luk(k)- "to shine" | |
| *bʰel- "to shine"[325] | balefire (< OE bǣlfȳr) | ON bál "fire" | fulgeō "I flash, glitter"; flagrō "I burn, blaze"; flamma "flame, fire" | phlégō "I scorch, kindle"; Phlegyas "fiery"; Phlegethon "flaming"; phlégma "flame, inflammation"; phalós "white" | bhrája- "fire, shining"; bhāla- "splendor" | OCS bělŭ "white" | Lith baltas, Latv balts "fair, white" | balë “white spot” | |||||
| *h₂erǵ- "shining, bright" *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm "white metal (silver)"[326] | argentum "silver (metal)"; Fal arcentelom "a small silver coin" | Myc a-ku-ro,[327] árguros "silver"; argós "white, bright";[bt] Argiope "silver face" | Skt rajatá- "silver; silver-coloured"; árjuna- "white, clear, silvery"[329] | Av ərəzatəm "silver" | Ru yarkiy “the bright one”; yarkostj “brightness” | Celtib arkato[bezom] "silver [mine]"; Ir Airget[lám] "silver[-hand] (title of Nuada)"; OIr argat, OW argant "silver" | arcat‘ "silver" | A ārkyant "silver"; A ārki-, B ārkwi "white" | ḫarkiš "white, bright" | ||||
*ḱweyt- | white | ƕeits | śvetá- | OCS světŭ "light, world"; | Lith šviesà "light"; | ||||||||
*kr̥snós | kṛṣṇa- | NPers kersne "dirt, dirty" | OCS črŭnŭ "black" | sorrë “crow” <PAlb *tšārnā | |||||||||
| *h₁rewdʰ-, *h₁rowdʰ-os, *h₁rudʰ-rós[br] "red" | red (< OE rēad < *h₁rowdʰ-os) | rauþs (raudis) "red" < *h₁rowdʰ-os | ruber "red" < *h₁rudʰ-rós; Umb rufru "red" | Myc e-ru-ta-ra, e-ru-to-ro;[337] erutʰrós "red" < *h₁rudʰ-rós; Erytheia "name of a nymph" (litt. "the red one"); | rudʰirá- "red" < *H₁rudʰ-rós mixed with *H₁rudʰ-i-; rṓhita- "red"; lōhá- "reddish" < *H₁roudʰ-os | Av raoiδita- "red" | OCS rudŭ "red"; Czech rudá "red";[bu] Pol rudy "red-haired"[339] | Lith raũdonas "red", raũdas "reddish-brown", rudas "brown" | OIr rúad, W rhudd "red", rhwd "rust";[340] Gaul Roud- (in personal names)[341] | pruth "redhead" (< PAlb *apa-ruđa) | A rtär, B ratre "red" < *h₁rudʰ-rós | ||
| *gʰel-, ǵʰelh₃- "green, yellow"[342] | gold; yellow (< OE geolu); yolk (< OE ġeoloca) | gulþ "gold" | helvus "honey-yellow"; gilvus "pale yellow (of horses)"[343][bv] | kʰlōrós "pale green";[bw] Chloe "blooming; epithet of Demeter" | híraņya- "gold"; hári- "yellow" | Av zaranyam "gold"; zári "yellow"; Zarinaia < Saka *Zarinayā "the golden one [name of a queen]" | OCS zelenĭ "green"; Rus zóloto "gold"; Pol złoty "gold"; żółty "yellow" | Latv zèlts "gold"; Lith geltas "yellow"; žel̃vas "golden"; žalias "green" | MWel gell "yellow" | ? diell “sun” <PAlb *delwa | |||
*ḱey- | hue | hiwi | śyāvá- | Avsiiāuua "dark" (cf. Siyâvash < Siiāuuaršan "the one with black stallions")[350] | Pol siwy "grey" | Lith šývas "light grey" | |||||||
*bʰer-, bʰerH- | ONbjǫrn | phrū́nē | babhrú | Lith bė́ras "reddish brown" |
Positive qualities
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *h₁wésus "good, excellent" [354][355] [356][357] | iusiza "better"; (Germanic names, e.g., Wisigoth- "the Visigoths") | vásu "excellent, good; beneficient; goods, property" | Av vohū "good" | OCS veselŭ "merry, joyful, happy" | Gaul Vesu- (in personal names: Vesuavus, Segovesus, Bellovesus) | Luw wāsu- "good"; Pal wašu "well"[358] | |||||||
| *h₁su- "good" [359][360] [356][361] | eu- "good, well" (when used prefixally), e.g., eúphoros "well-bearing" (> "euphoria"); eukháristos "good grace"; euángelos "bringing good news" | su- "good" (used prefixally), e.g., suprabhātam "good morning" (See also bhā́s); supraśna- "inquiry as to welfare, lit. good question" | Av hu "good" | OCS sŭ- "good" (used prefixally), e.g., sŭ-čęstĭnŭ "happy, lit. good part"; sŭdravĭje "health", Russ zdoróv'je; sŭrěsti "to meet, encounter" | |||||||||
| *h₁sónts "being, existing, real, true" [362][363] [356][364] (See also *H₁es-) | sooth (< OE sōþ "truth"); soothe (< OE sōþian "to prove the validity of, to confirm as true"); soothsayer (originally "truth-teller") (< PGmc sanþaz + sagjaną "truth + say"); sin (implying "truly guilty") (< OE synn); OE sōþlīċe "truly, really", later "amen" | sunjis "true, truthful, correct" | sōns "guilty, criminal" (compare sin); insōns "innocent"; [bx] sonticus "dangerous, serious, critical" | sát "being, essence, reality" (also used in compounds, e.g., sad·guru); sattvá- "essence, existence, spirit; creature"; satyá- "true,real, genuine; sincere, honest, valid"; satī́ "good, virtuous, faithful wife" (> suttee) | senë/send”thing” gjë “thing” < all from PAlb *sana | ||||||||
*sweh₂d-, swéh₂dus | sweet | suāvis | hēdús | svādú |
Construction, fabrication
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *h₂éyos "copper, bronze"[137] | ore (< OE ār) | aes "copper, bronze, brass; money, fee" | áyas "metal, iron" | ||||||||||
| *dʰwer- "door, doorway, gate" | door (< OE dor, duru) | daúr, daúrō "door" | forēs (pl.) "door" | tʰurā "door" | dvā́r, dvā́ras (pl.) "door" | Av dvarǝm (acc.) "gate, court"; OPers duvarayā "at the gate" NPers dar "door" | OCS dvĭri "door" | OPrus dwarris "gate, goal", dwars "estate", Lith durys "door", dvaras "estate", vartai "gate", Latg durovys "door", vuorti "gate" | OIr dorus "door" < Proto-Celtic *dworestu-, W dôr "door" < *dʰureH₂ | duṙn "door" | derë "door" | B twere "doors" | an-durza "within" |
| h₂(e)nh₂t- "doorpost"[368] | antae "anteroom" | ā́tā "doorpost" | |||||||||||
| *dem- "to build (up), put together" [369][370][371] | timber (< OE timber "building material"); teem (< OE temian "to fit"); toft (< OE toft) | démō "to build, construct, make" | |||||||||||
| *domo-, *domu- "house", "home" | timrjan "to build, erect" | domus (domūs) "house" | dómos "house" | dámas "house" | Av dąm, dąmi "in the house"; dǝmā̆na-, nmāna- "house" < *dm-ā̆na- | OCS domŭ "house" | OPrus dimstis "porch", Lith dimstis "entryway" Lith namas "house" | MIr dom-liacc "house of stones" | tun "house" | dhomë "room" | ?A tem-, B tam- "be born" | ||
| *gʰerdʰ-, *gʰordʰ-os- "enclosure, fence" | yard (< OE ġeard "enclosure"); garden (< AngNor gardin < Frank *gardo) | gards "yard, court"; ON garðr "fence, enclosed space" | hortus "garden" | kʰórtos "feeding place for animals" | gṛhá "house" | Av gərəδa "daeva cave" | OCS gradŭ "fortification; city" | Latv gãrds; Lith gar̃das "fold, pen" | OIr gort "standing crop", W garth "cliff; enclosure" | OArm gerdastan "the body of servants and captives; estate" (either a borrowing from Iranian or inherited) | gardh "fence, enclosure, barricade" | ||
| *kʷekʷlo- "wheel" (See also *kʷel-) | wheel (< OE hwēol, hweogol < PGerm *hweg(w)ulaz < *kʷekʷlós) | ON hjōl, hvēl "wheel" < PGerm *hweh(w)ulaz < *kʷékʷlos | kúklos "circle", (pl.) "wheels" | cakrá- "wheel" | Av čaxra- "wheel" | OCS kolo "wheel" | OPrus kellin "wheel", Lith kaklas "neck" | W cylch "circle" | A kukäl, B kokale "wagon" | kugullas "donut"[372] | |||
| *Hreth₂- "wheel", "wagon" | OHG Rad "wheel" | rota "wheel", "wagon" | rátha "chariot, car" | Av raθa "wagon", "chariot" | Lith rãtai "wagon" (pl.), rãtas "wheel" (sg.) | OIr roth "wheel", "circle" | rreth "ring, hoop, tyre (for carriages)" (< *Hróth₂ikos) | ||||||
| *néh₂us "vessel, boat" | OE nōwend "shipmaster, sailor" | ON naust "boathouse"; OIc nōr "ship" | nāvis "ship" | naûs "ship"; Myc na-u-do-mo "shipbuilders"[373] | naú, nāva "ship" | Pers nâv "boat, ship" (archaic) | OIr nó, nau "boat" | OArm naw "ship, boat" | |||||
| *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ "wool" | wool (< OE wull) | wulla "wool" | lāna "wool" | lênos "wool, fleece (pl.)", Dor lânos | ū́rṇā "wool, woolen thread" | Av varənā "wool" | OCS vlĭna "wool", OESlav vŭlna "wool" | Latv vil̃na, Lith vìlna "wool", OPrus wilna "skirt (made of wool)" | OIr olann, MBret gloan, glan, OW gulan "wool" | OArm gełmn "fleece, wool" | ḫulanaš "wool" | ||
| *s(y)uH- "to sew" | sew (< OE sēowan) | siujan "to sew" | suō (suere) "to sew"; sūtūra "thread, suture"[374] | humḗn "sinew" | sī́vyati "(he) sews", syūtá- "sewn"; sū́tra- "thread, string"[375] | OCS šijǫ (šiti) "to sew" | OPrus šutun "to sew", Lith siūti "to sew", Latg šyut "to sew" | sum(m)anza(n), šuel (?), šuil (?) "thread" | |||||
| *teks- "to fashion, construct" | OE þeox "spear" | OHG dehsa, dehsala "hatchet" | texō (texere) "to weave" | téktōn "carpenter", tíktō "I give birth" | takṣati, tā́ṣṭi "(he) fashions" | Av tašaiti "(he) cuts out, manufactures"; OPers us-tašanā "stairway" < "*construction"; MPers tāšīδan "to do carpentry" | OCS tešǫ (tesati) "to hew", | OPrus tesatun "to hew", Lith tašyti "to hew" | OIr tāl "axe" < *tōkslo- | teshë “cloth, robe” | takkeszi "puts together" | ||
| *webʰ- "to weave" | weave (< OE wefan), web (<P.Gmc. *wabjan) | OHG weban "to weave"; ON vefa | hupʰaínō "I weave" | ubʰnā́ti "ties together"; ūṛna-vābhi- "spider" (litt. "wool-weaver") | Av ubdaēna- "made of cloth"; NPers bāfad "(he) weaves" | viti "weave" | Lith vyti "to twist" | W gwau "knit, weave" | venj "I weave" < *webʰnyō | A wpantär (them. pres.),[376][377] B wāp- "to weave" | wēpta- "wove"[378] | ||
| *werǵ- "to work" | work (< OE weorc, wyrc̣an) | waúrkjan "to work" | urgeō (urgēre) "to push, drive" | (w)érgon "work", érdō, hrézdō "I work" < *wérĝ-yoH₂, *wréĝ-yoH₂ | varcas "activity" (? not in Pokorny) | Av varəza- "work, activity", vərəzyeiti "(he) works"; NPers varz, barz "field work, husbandry" | vrǔšiti "to act, to do" | OPrus wargs "bad, evil, malicious, vicious", wargtwei "to torment oneself, to suffer", Lith vargas "the state of going through bad/unlucky events" | MW gwreith "deed" < *wreĝ-tu- | gorc "work " | rregj "to clean" | A wärk-, B wārk- "to shear" | |
| *wes- "to clothe, wear clothes" | wear (< OE werian) | wasjan "to clothe" | vestis "clothing" | héstai "gets dressed" | váste "(s/he) gets dressed"; vástra- "clothing" | Av vaste, vaŋhaiti "(he) gets dressed" | OPrus westi "corset" | W gwisg "clothing" | z-genum "I put on (clothes)" < *wes-nu- | vesh "dress" veshje "clothing" | B wastsi, wästsi "clothing" | wassezzi "(he) clothes" |
Self-motion, rest
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *h₁es- "to be", *h₁es-ti "is", *h₁és-mi "am" Cf. Indo-European copula (See also *h₁sónts) | is (< OE is), am | ist "is" | sum (esse) "I am (to be)"; est "it is" | estí "is,"; Dorian Greek entí "(they) are" <- *h₁s-enti | ásti "is"; ásmi "am" | Av asti "is"; Persian ast "is" | OCS jestŭ "is" | OPrus ast "is", ēst "almost", Lith esti "is" | OIr is "is"; Old Welsh hint "(they) are" <- *h₁s-enti | em "I am" | është "is" | B ste "is" | ēszi "is" |
| *bʰuh₂- "to become" Cf. Indo-European copula | be (< OE bēon); OE būan "to dwell" | bauan "to dwell" | fuī "I was" | pʰúomai "I become", épʰū "became" | bʰávati "become, is", ábʰūt "became, was" | Av bavaiti, OPers bavatiy "(he) becomes" | OCS byti "to become, be" | OPrus butwei "to be", Lith būti "to be" | Gaul biiete "be! (imperative)";[379][by] OIr buith "being", W bod "to be" | busanim "sprout up" | buj, bûj "I dwell, stay overnight" < *bunjō | ||
| *sed-, *si-sd- "to sit" | sit (< OE sittan < *sed-yo-nom) | sitan "to sit" | sedeō (sedēre) "to sit", sīdō "I sit down" < *si-sd-oH₂ | hézdomai "I sit" < *sed-yo-, hizdō "I set" < *si-sd-oH₂ | sátsi "(he) sits", aor. ásadat "sat"; sī́dati "(he) sits" < *si-sd-eti; Upaniṣad lit. "sit-down-beside" < upa: 'by, beside', ni: 'down', sad: 'sit' | Av ni-šaŋhasti "(he) sits down", opt. hazdyā-t "(he) should sit", hiδaiti "(he) sits" < *si-sd-eti; OPers caus. niya-šād-ayam "I set" | OCS sěždǫ (sěděti) "to sit" | OPrus sistwei "to sit down", Lith sedėti "to be sitting", sėstis "to sit down" | OIr sa(i)did "sits"; Br hezañ "to stop" | nstim "I sit" (< *ni-zdyō), hecanim (< *sed-s-an-yō) "I sit on, I ride" | shëtis "to walk" | ||
| *legʰ- "to lie down" | lie (< OE lic̣gan) | ligan "to lie down" | lectus "bed" | lékʰomai "I lie down" | laṅghate "(he) leans, lies down" | NPers ley "lie down" | OCS ležǫ (ležati) "to lie down" | OPrus laztwei "to lie down" | OIr laigid "lies down" | lagje "city quarter" | A läk- "to lie", B lyśalyñe "(act of) lying down" | lagari "(he) lies down" | |
| *ḱey- "to lie down; settle, bed, cozy, familiar" [380][381] [382][383][384] | home (< OE hām "village, home" < *k̂oi-mos); hewe "domestic, servant" (< OE hīwa "family member") | háims (háimáis) "village, town" < *k̂oi-mis; heiwafrauja "marriage" | cīvis "city dweller, citizen" < *k̂ei-wis ⇒ [note 86]; cūnae "cradle; nest"; Cūnīna (Roman goddess who protects infants in the cradle) cieō; "I put in motion; act, move, stir; rouse" ⇒ [note 87] | keîmai "I lie (idle, sick, dead, etc.)"; kíō "I go" (Homeric); kīnéō "I move, set in motion, remove; inflect (grammar); meddle; stir on" (> kinetic, cinema, etc.); koítē "bed, place of rest; lair; lodging"; koitā́zō "I put to bed, cause to rest" | śētē (older śáyē) "(he) lies", śērē "they lie"; śayú "orphan"; śéva- "dear, precious"; śivá- "favorable, happy, fortunate; auspicious" (later applied to the god Rudra, first as Śiva-rudra, then simply Śiva; also spelled Shiva) | Av saēte "(he) lies", sōire "they lie" | OCS sěmija "family"; sěmĭ "household member" | OPrus seimi "family", kaims "village", Lith šeima "family", kaimas "village"; sieva "wife" | OIr cóim, cóem, OW cum "dear" | sirem "I love" < *k̂eiro- | komb “nation, people” | kitta, kittari "lies"; Luwian ziyari "lies" | |
| *tḱey- "to settle, live; cultivate" [385][386] [387][388][389] | sinō "I let, permit, allow; set down"; situs "permitted, allowed; laid, set down; placed" ⇒ [note 88]; dēsinō "I leave off, cease, desist" (> desinence); pōnō < po + sinō "I place, put, lay; set up" ⇒ [note 89] | ktízō "I found, build, establish; populate; produce"; eüktímenos "well-built, nice place"; ktísis "a founding, settling; creature"; ktílos "tame, docile, obidient"; ktísma "colony, foundation" | kṣéti "(s/he) abides, stays, dwells; remains"; kṣití "abode, habitation, dwelling; the earth" | ||||||||||
| *steh₂- "to stand (i.e. be standing)" | stand (< OE standan) | standan "to stand"; OHG stān, stēn "to stand" | stō (stāre) "to stand", sistō (sistere) "to cause to stand" | Doric hístāmi "I stand" | sthā- / tíṣṭhati "(he) stands" | Av hištaiti "(he) stands"; OPers impf. a-ištata "(he) stood" | OCS stajǫ (stati) "to stand up" | OPrus stalitwei "to stand", Lith stovėti "to stand" | OIr tair-(ṡ)issiur "I stand"; W sefyll "to stand" | stanam "I build; gain" | mbështet, pshtet "I support" | B stäm- "to stand", ste "is", "stare" "(they) are" | istanta- "to stay, delay" |
| *h₁ey- "to go" | yede (< OE ēode "went") | iddja "went" | eō (īre) "to go" | eĩmi "I (will) go" | éti "(he) goes", yánti "(they) go" | Av aēiti "(he) goes", yeinti "(they) go"; OPers aitiy "goes" | OCS jiditi "to move away, to arrive", jidene "coming" | OPrus eitwei "to go", Lith eiti "to walk" | W wyf "I am"; OIr ethaid "goes" < *it-āt- | iǰanem (aorist ēǰ) "I climb down" < *i-gh- | iki "to leave; flee" *H₁(e)i-K- | A yā "he went", B yatsi "to go" < *yā- | īt "go!" |
| *gʷem- "to come"[390] | come (< OE cuman) | qiman "to come"; OSax cuman [an liudi] "to come (to people) [to be born]" | veniō (venīre) "to come"[bz] | baínō "I go" | gámati "(he) goes", aor. ágan, gan "(he) went" | Av ǰamaiti "goes"; OAv inj. uz-ǰǝ̄n "(he) goes", pl. gǝmǝn "they go" | OPrus gimtwei "to be born", Lith gimti "to be born", Latv dzimt "to bear (a son)" | ekn (< *h₁e-gʷem-t) "(he) came" | A käm-, kum-, B käm-, kam-, śem "to come" | Luw zammantis "newborn child" (?) | |||
| *Hyewdʰ- "to move swiftly, to move upright, to rise (as if to fight)"[391][392] | iubeō "I authorize, legitimate; bid, command, order"; iussus "order, command, decree, ordinance" | euthús "straight, direct"; eîthar "at once, immediately, forthwith"; husmī́nē "battle, conflict, combat" | yúdhyate "to fight, battle; wage war"; yodháyati "to engage in battle; to overcome in war, to be a match for; to lead to war, to cause to fight"; yuddhá- "battle, fight, war"; yoddhṛ "fighter, warrior, soldier"; yudhmá- "hero, warrior" | OCS oiminŭ "warrior"; Pol judzić "to incite, instigate" | Lith judėti "to move" | ||||||||
| *peth₂- "to spread out; fly (spread wings)" [117][118][393][394] (See also *péth₂r̥) | fathom (< OE fæþm) | petō "I ask, beg, request; aim; attack, thrust at"; pateō "I am open; accessible, attainable; increase, extend" (> patent); pandō "I spread, open out, extend; unfold, expand" (> expand); passus < *pat-s-tus "spread out; step, pace" (> pass); impetus "attack, assault; rapid motion"; petulāns "impudent, wanton; petulant" > petulant; patera "broad flat dish, saucer"; propitius "favorable, well-disposed" (> propitious) | pétomai "I fly; rush, dart; make haste"; pī́ptō "I fall, throw self down"; petánnūmi "I spread out, open"; ptôma "fall; misfortune, calamity; ruin" (> symptom); ptôsis "falling; (grammar) case, inflection"; ptōtikós "capable of inflexion"; pétalon "leaf (plant, flower or tree)" > petal | pátati "(s/he) flies; descends, falls"; pātáyati "(s/he) causes to fly, throws; causes to fall; pours, spills" | |||||||||
| *ped- "to walk, step; stumble, fall" [395][396][100][397] (See also *pōds) | fetter (< OE feter); OE fæt "step; stride; pace, gait | impediō "I hinder, impede, obstruct" (> impede); expediō "I unfetter; remove impediments; prepare" (> expedite); pecco < *ped-co "I sin, transgress; offend" ⇒ [note 90]; pedica "fetter, shackle; snare"; pessum < *ped·tum "to the lowest part; to the bottom; in ruin"; pessimus "worst, lowest" (> pessimism); peior "worse" (> pejorative); oppidum "town" (step > ground > town) | pédon "ground, earth"; pedíon "open country, plain, field; female genitals"; pēdón "oar blade, oar"; pēdálion "steering paddle"; pezós < *peďďós "on foot, walking; on land, infantry"; pódion "base" ⇒ [note 91] | pádyate "(s/he) moves, goes; falls"; pādáyati "(s/he) causes to fall, drops"; pada- "step, stride, pace; footstep, vestige; plot of ground; a fourth" | padati, pasti "to fall"; pěšĭ "on foot, pedestrian"; padežĭ "fall; downfall, disaster"; pod "ground, floor" | ||||||||
| *sekʷ- "to follow" | OE sec̣g "follower, companion, man" | ON seggr "hero" | sequor (sequī) "to follow" ⇒ [note 92] | hépomai "I follow" | sácate "(he) follows" | Av hačaitē, hačaiti "(he) follows" | šagati "to walk, stride, step"; Russ šag "step" | OPrus sektwei "to shallow [To breathe lightly]", Lith sekti "to follow" | OIr sechithir "follows" | shoh “ I see” | |||
| *steygʰ- "to go, climb, march" [398][399] [263][400] | stair (< OE stǣġer); sty (< OE stīgan); stile (< OE stiġel, stigol) | Ger steigen "to ascend, climb, rise" | vestīgō "I follow a track, search" (> investigate); vestīgium "footprint, track; trace, mark; sole of foot" (> "vestige") | stíkhos "a row (of soldiers); a line of poetry" > Russ stix "verse, a line of poetry; poem (plu)"; stoîkhos "row, course, file"; stoikheîon "one of a row, one of a series; element" > stoichio- (> stoichiometry, etc.); stókhos "pillar of brick; target" | stighnóti "(s/he) steps, steps up, mounts" | OCS stignǫti "to attain; reach"; stĭza "path" | ? Shteg “path” | ||||||
| *wert- "to turn, rotate" [401][402] [403][404] | -ward (< OE -weard "facing, turned toward"); worth (obsolete meaning "to become", compare German werden) (< OE weorþ); weird (< OE wyrd, wurd "fate, destiny"); OE weorþung "an evaluation, appreciation" | Ger werden "to become, to get; to turn; to be, happen"; Wurst "sausage, wurst" (< PGmc "something twisted") | vertō "I turn, revolve; turn around, reverse, retreat" ⇒ [note 93]; vertex, vortex "whirlpool"; vertīgō "giddiness"; prōsus, prorsus < proversus "forwards, towards" > prose;[ca] re- < PIE *wret-, metathesis of *wert- "re-" (> re- (again, repetition, etc.)) | vartate "(it) turns, rotates; moves, advances; occurs"; vartana- "a turning; conduct, behavior, intercourse"; vartayáti "(it) turns" (transitive, causative); vártman "track; way, course, path" | OCS vrĭtěti "to turn"; vrotiti "to return"; vrěteno "spindle"; vrota "gate, door"; vratŭ "turn, rotor, wheel"; vrěmę < *vertmen "hour; time" (Compare Skt vártman) | Lith versti "to turn" | rris “to grow, to increase” | ||||||
| *bʰegʷ- "to run, flee"[405] | phobéō "I put to flight, terrify, alarm; threaten"; phóbos "fear, terror; fright, panic; flight, retreat" | bhājáyati "(s/he) causes to flee" | Kurd bazdan "to run, to escape" | OCS běgati, běžati "to flee, run, escape"; | Lith bėgti "to run" | ||||||||
| *bʰewg- "to flee"[406] | fugiō "I flee"; fuga "flight, escape" | pheúgō "I flee"; phugḗ "flight, escape" | Lith baugus "scary", baugštus "scared easily" |
Object motion
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *bʰer- "to carry" | bear (< OE beran); burden, burthen (< OE byrþen) | baíran "to carry" | ferō (ferre) "to carry"; lucifer "light-bearing, light-bringing" | pʰerō "I carry"; khristóphoros "Christ-bearing" | bʰarati "(he) carries" | Av baraiti "(he) carries"; OPers barantiy "they carry"; NPers bordan "to carry"; Kurd birin "to carry, to take" | OCS berǫ (bĭrati) "to carry" | Lith berti "to pour non liquid" | OIr biru "I carry"; W beru "to flow" | berem "I carry" | bie "I carry"; barrë "load, burden" | ||
| *weǵʰ- "to convey" | weigh (< OE wegan "carry"); way (< OE weġ); wain "wagon" (< OE wæġn)[cb] | ga-wigan "to move, shake" | vehō (vehere) "to convey" | Pamphylian wekʰétō "he should bring"; Cypriot éwekse "brought there" | váhati "(he) drives"; vahana- (< vah) "divine mount or vehicle of Hindu deities" (lit. "a carrying") | Av vazaiti "(he) leads, carries" | OCS vezǫ (vesti) "to drive" | OPrus weztun "to ride", Lith vežti "to drive" | OIr fēn, W gwain (type of wagon) < *weǵʰ-no-; W arwain "to lead" | vjedh "I steal" | Hier Luw wa-zi/a- "drive" | ||
| *yew-, *yewg- "to join, yoke, tie together" [407][408] (See also yugóm) | ON eykr draft animal; ON eyki vehicle, cart | iungō "I yoke, join" ⇒ [note 94]; iūxtā "nearly; near, close to"; coniunx, coniux "spouse, partner (husband or wife)" | zeúgnūmi "I yoke, saddle; join, link together"; zeûgma "band, bond, that which is used for joining; bridge of boats"; zeûgos "pair, two things, persons or animals seen as a pair" | yunákti "(s/he) yokes, harnesses, joins"; yóga- "yoking, act of joining; yoke, team, vehicle; employment, use, performance; remedy, cure; means, device, way, manner, method; trick, fraud; undertaking; connection, relation; fitness, suitability; application, concentration, union, yoga";[409] yóktra- "fastening or tying instrument; rope, thong, halter"; yugmá- "pair, couple; Gemini (zodiac sign); junction, confluence"; yújya- "union, alliance"; yugya- "a vehicle, chariot; draft animal"; yuj (root noun) "a yoke-fellow, companion, associate; pair, couple; the Aśvins" | Lith jungiu "I join" | ||||||||
| *h₂eǵ- "to lead, drive" | ON aka "to drive" | agō (agere) "to drive, do" | ágō "I lead" | ájati "(he) drives" | Av azaiti "(he) drives"; Kurd ajotin "to drive" | ehati "to drive" | OIr ad-aig "compels"; OW agit, hegit "goes" | acem "I lead" | A ak-, B āk- "go, lead" | ||||
| *h₂eḱs- "axis, axle" < *h₂eǵ-[137][410] | OE eax | axis "axle" | ákṣa- "axle" | Russian osь "axis, axle" | Lith ašis "axle" | ashkë “wood splinter <PAlb a(k)škā “axis” | |||||||
| *dʰeh₁-, dʰh₁- "to place, put" | do (< OE dōn) | deds "deed" | faciō (facere) "to do" < *dʰh₁-k-yoh₂; con-ditus "built" (orig. "put together"), ab-ditus "removed" (orig. "put away") < Proto-Italic *-θatos < *dʰh₁-tos | títʰēmi "I put" < *dʰí-dʰeh₁-mi | dádʰāti "(he) puts" < *dʰé-dʰeh₁-ti | Av daδāiti "(he) puts"; OPers impf. adadā "(he) established" | OCS děti "to lay" | OPrus ditun "to put", Lith dėti "to put" | Gaulish dede "he put (pt.)"; W dodi "to place, to put";OIr -tarti "he gives" < Proto-Celtic *to-ro-ad-dīt < *-dʰeh₁-t | dnel "to put"; ed "he put (past)" | dhatë "place, location" < *dʰh₁-teh₂ | A tā-, täs-, tas-, B tes- "to lay" < *dʰeh₁-s- | dāi "puts" |
| *stel- "to put, place, locate; be set, firm" [411][412][263][413] | stall (< OE steall); stell (non-standard) "to place, set up" (< OE stellan) | Ger stellen "to put, place, position" | locus < *stlocus "place, spot, location" ⇒ [note 95]; stultus, stolidus "foolish, stupid"; stolō "shoot, branch" > stolon (botany); stolus < AG stólos "navigation; fleet equipment" | stéllō "I send; make ready, prepare; summon"; stólos "expedition; army, fleet"; apóstolos "one sent forth; messenger, envoy" > apostle; epistolḗ < epistéllō "message, letter; commission; will" ⇒ [note 96]; stḗlē "block of stone, buttress; boundary post" > stele, stela | sthala- "place, ground, location" | OCS stĭlati "to spread" | Lith stalas "table" | shtjell “loosen, I wind up” | |||||
| *deH₃-, dʰH̥₃- "to give" | dō (dare) "to give"; dator "giver, donor"; dōnum "gift" | dídōmi "I give" | dádāti "(he) gives"; dātṛ "giver, donor"; dānam "gift, giving" | Av dadāiti "(he) gives"; OPers impv. dadātuv "let him give"; NPers dãdan "to give" | OCS damĭ "I will give" | OPrus datun "to give", Lith duoti "to give" | OIr dān, W dawn "gift" | tam "I give" | dhashë "I gave" < *dH̥₃-sm̥ | dāi "takes" | |||
| *kap- "to grab"[414][415] | have (< OE habban), heave (< OE hebban); haven "hæfen" | haban "to have", hafjan "to lift" | capiō (capere) "to take" | káptō "I snatch, swallow"; kaûkos "cup" > Lat caucus | kapaṭī "two handfuls" | NPers časpīdan, čapsīdan, cafsīdan "to grasp, seize" | Ukrainian khapaty "to grab" | OPrus kaps "grave", Lith kapas "grave", kapt "expression to indicate grabbing. | OIr cacht "female slave", W caeth "slave, captive" < *kap-tos "taken" | kap "I grasp, grab", kam "I have" | |||
| *gʰabʰ- "to seize, take" | give (< OE ġiefan) | giban "to give" | habeō (habēre) "to have" | gábʰastis "forearm, hand" | OPers grab "to seize"; Kurd girtin "to take, to seize" | Russ. xvatát "to snatch, suffice" | OPrus gabtun "to catch", Lith gebėti "to have the ability" | OIr gaibid "takes"; W gafael "to take hold, to grip" | |||||
| *gʷʰen- "to strike, kill" | bane (< OE bana "murderer") | banja "blow, wound, ulcer" | dē-fendō (dēfendere) "to ward off, defend", of-fendō (offendere) "to bump, offend" | tʰeínō "I kill" < *gʷʰen-yoH₂, épepʰnon "I killed" < redup. + *gʷʰn-om | hánti "(he) strikes, kills" < *gʷʰen-ti, gʰnánti "they strike, kill"; vṛtra·han "Vṛtra-killer, a name of Indra" | Av ǰainti "(he) strikes, kills", ni-γne (mid.) "I strike down"; OPers impf. ajanam "I struck down" | OCS ženǫ (gŭnati) "drive (animals to pasture)", žĭnjǫ (žęti) "reap" | OPrus gintun "to defend", Lith ginti " to defend", ganyti "to drive animals to pasture" | OIr gonim "I wound, kill"; W gwanu "to stab" | ǰnem "I strike" < *gʷʰen-oH₂, ǰnǰem "I destroy" < *gʷʰen-yoH₂ | gjanj "I hunt" < *gʷʰen-yoH₂ | B käsk- "to scatter to destruction" < *gʷʰn̥-sk- | kuēnzi "kills" < *gʷʰen-ti |
| *bʰeyd- "to split, cleave"[416] | bit (< OE bite);bite (< OE bitan); bait (< ON beita) | 'findō "I split"; fissus < fid·tus "split"; fissiō "splitting, fission" | bhid-, bhinátti "(s/he) splits, breaks"; bhedati "(s/he) splits"; bhinná < bhid·ná "split, cloven" | ||||||||||
| *der- "to tear, crack; split, separate"[417] | tear (< OE teran); turd (< OE tord) | *taurþs "destruction, a teardown" | dérō "to skin, flay"; dérma "skin, hide" | dṛṇā́ti "(s/he) tears, rends, rips; splits open, bursts" | OCS dĭrati "to tear, flay" | Lith dirti "to skin" | djerr “I destroy <PIE *dr̥-néH-ti | ||||||
| *bʰreg- "to break"[418] | break (< OE brecan); breech, breeches (< OE brēċ) | frango "I break, shatter"; frāctus "broken"; fragilis "breakable" | |||||||||||
| *sek- "to cut off, sever"[419][420][cc] | saw (tool) (< OE sagu); sax "slate hammer" (< OE seax); seax (directly borrowed from OE seax); zax (< OE seax); Saxon (< Proto-Germanic *sahsą “rock, knife”) | secō, sectum "I cut, cut off; cleave; castrate; wound; hurt" ⇒ [note 97]; segmen, segmentum "piece; a cutting, cut; slice; segment"; signum "sign, mark, signal; seal, signet; emblem, etc"; sexus "division; sex; gender"; saxum "stone, rock" | OCS sěšti "to cut, to mow" Pol siekać "to cut" | shat/shatë “mattock, hoe” <PIE *sēk-teh₂- | |||||||||
| *(s)ker- "to cut"[421][422] (See also: *sek-) | shear (< OE scieran); share (< OE sċearu); shard, sherd (< OE sċeard ); shred (< OE sċrēad); scrap (< ON skrapa); scrape (< ON skrapa); short (< OE sċort); screen < PGmc *skirmiz "fur, hide" > Yid shirem "umbrella"; Italian schermo "screen"; Russ šírma "screen, shield"; shirt (< OE sċyrte); skirt (< ON skyrta); scar (< PGmc *skardaz "gap, cut"); score (< OE scoru) | curtus "short; broken"; corium "skin, hide, leather"; carō, carnis "flesh, meat, pulp" ⇒ [note 98]; cēna "dinner, supper ('portion')"; cortex "bark of a tree, cork" > cork; scortum "a skin, hide; harlot"; scrotum; scrautum "a quiver made of hide"; scrūta "rubbish, broken trash" > Lat scrūtor "I search, examine thoroughly" ⇒ [note 99]; scrūpus "a rough sharp stone; anxiety, uneasiness"; scrūpulus "a small sharp or pointed stone; anxiety, uneasiness, doubt" ⇒ [note 100] | keírō "I shear, shave, cut hair; ravage; destroy; cut short, lessen"; kormós "trunk of a tree; log of timber"; kérma "fragment; coin; cash" | kartati, kṛṇátti, kṛntáte "(s/he) cuts"; cárman "skin; hide, pelt"; kṛtí "knife, dagger" | OCS skora "bast, skin"; kora "bark"; OCS xrabrŭ "brave" | Lith skersti "to cut (especially animal's neck)" | shqerr “to tear, scratch” <PAlb *skera | ||||||
| *skey- *skeyd- "to split, dissect, divide"[423][424] (See also: *sek-, *(s)ker-) | shed (< OE sċēadan); sheath, sheathe (< OE sċēaþ); shide "a piece of wood, firewood" (< OE sċīd); shite, shit (< OE sċītan) | sciō "I can, know, understand, have knowledge" > science; scindō, scissus "I cut, tear, rend; tear off; destroy" | skhízō "I split, cleave" > schizophrenia; skhísma "split, divided; division" > schism; skhísis "cleaving, parting, division; vulva" | chítti "split, division"; √chid-, chinatti "(s/he) splits, cuts off, divides"[425] | OCS cěditi "to strain, filter"; čistiti "to clean, purify"; štedrŭ "generous"; štitŭ "shield" | Lith skiesti "to dilute", skaidyti "to divide into pieces" | shqisë “sense” | ||||||
| *h₃er- "to move, to stir; to rise, spring; quarrel, fight"[426][427] | orior "I rise, get up"; oriēns "rising" > orient; origo "act, event or process of coming into existence; source" > origin | órnūmi "I set upon, awaken, raise, excite, stir up"; oûros "fair wind"; éris "strife, quarrel; rivalry" | ṛṇoti "to attack, rise"; ṛtí "quarrel, strife; attack" | OCS ratĭ "war, battle" | |||||||||
| *h₃reyH- "to move, set in motion; flow, stream (of water); pour, rain; churn"[426][427] | ride (< OE rīdan); raid (< OE rād); run (< OE iernan); -rith "small stream (found in surnames and placenames)"(< OE rīþ) | rīvus "stream" > rival (lit. "using the same stream as another"), derive; irrīto "to irritate" | riṇā́ti "to make flow, release"; rītí "motion, course; current; custom, rite"; rétas "flow, gush, current, stream; seed, sperm" | OCS rinǫti "to push, shove" | Gau rēda "chariot"; Gau rēnos "river, waterway" > Lat Rhēnus > Rhine | re “clouds” <PAlb *rina | |||||||
| *selǵ- "to let go, send, release" [428][429] [430][431] | sulk (< OE āsolcen < āseolcan "to be slow; weak, slothful") | sṛjáti "(it) lets go, discharges, emits"; sarjáyati "causes to let loose, creates"; sṛṣṭá- "let go, discharged, abandoned"; sṛ́ṣṭi "letting go, emission; production, procreation; creation, creation of the world"; sárga- "pouring, rush"; sṛká- "arrow, spear" | |||||||||||
| *kʷel-, kʷelh₁- "to turn" [432][433] [434][435][436] (See also *kʷekʷlo-) | halse "neck, throat" (< OE heals) | colō "I till, cultivate (land); inhabit"; cultus "tilled, cultivated" ⇒ [note 101]; colōnus "farmer; colonist, inhabitant"; -cola "inhabitant; tiller, cultivator; worshipper"; colōnia "colony, settlement; possession" ⇒ [note 102]; collum "neck , throat (one that turns)" ⇒ [note 103]; inquilīnus "sojourner, tenant, lodger"[cd] | pélō "in motion, go; become"; pólos "pivot, hinge; axis, pole star" > pole; pálin "back, backwards; again, once more" ⇒ [note 104]; télos "completion, maturity; fulfilment; result, product" > teleology, etc.; Aristotélēs "excellent perfection"; teléō "bring about, complete, fulfill; perform, accomplish"; têle "far off, far away" ⇒ [note 105]; pálai "long ago"; palaiós "old, aged; ancient" > paleolithic, etc. | cárati "it moves, walks, stirs; travels"; caraṇa-, calana- "motion; action; behavior, conduct" | OCS kologŭ "Yule (lit. turn)"; kolovrotŭ "circulation, whirlpool; wheel and axle"; Bul kolovóz "rut, wheel track"; koláč "a type of (round) bread" | sjell “to turn, to bring” <PAlb *tšela | |||||||
| *welH-, *wel- "to turn, to wind, roll" [437][438] [403][439][440] | wallow (< OE wielwan); well (up) (gush) (< OE wellan, willan); well (water source, where the water 'wells up') (< OE wielle); wall (to boil, spring) (< OE weallan); walk (< OE wealcan); wale (< OE walu "ridge, bank") | walwjan "to roll"; Ger Walz (< walzen "to dance") "the waltz"; Welle "wave" | volvō "I roll, tumble" ⇒ [note 106] volūmen "roll, scroll, book; turn; fold" > volume; vallis "valley; hollow" ⇒ [note 107]; vallum "wall, rampart"; intervallum "space between walls" > interval; volūcra "a worm, caterpillar"; valgus "knock-kneed, unstraight"; valva "folding door" > valve; vulva "womb" | eilúō "I wrap, enfold; crawl"; hélix "anything twisted" ⇒ [note 108]; hólmos "round, smooth stone; cylindrical bow, dial" | valati, valate "(it) turns, turns to; moves to; covers"; úlba- "cover, envelope; womb, vulva"; valayá- "coil"; ūrmí "wave" | OCS vlĭna "wave"; vlŭnenije "undulation, swell; turmoil, agitation"; Russ valítʹ "to knock down, kill; cut, fell"; val "roller, billow; rampart; shaft" | Lith vilnìs "wave" | OldArm geł "snake, dragon" | |||||
| *weyp- or *weyb- "to shake, tremble, agitate; sway, swing; turn, wind" [441][442] [403][443][444] | wipe (< OE wīpian); whip (< OE wippen); weave ("to wander") (< ON veifa "wave, flag"); OE wifer "arrow, missile; sword"; swivel (< OE swifan + el); waive < waif ("ownerless, homeless") (< ON veif);[ce] gimp (< OF wimpil "head scarf"); gimlet (< AF wimble "drill")> | biwaibjan "to wind around, wrap"; faurwaipjan "to bind, muzzle" | vibrō "I shake, agitate; tremble; glimmer" > veer, vibrate, etc. | vip-, vépate "it trembles, shakes, shivers, vibrates, quivers"; viprá- "excited, stirred; inspired" | Lith viẽpti "to make a face, gape"; vaipī́tis "to grimace, bend"; vī́burti "to swing, turn around" | ||||||||
| *leykʷ-, *li-ne-kʷ- "to leave behind" | OE lēon "to lend" | leiƕan "to lend" | linquō (linquere) "to leave behind" | leípō, limpánō "I leave behind" | riṇákti "(he) leaves behind", 3rd. pl. riñcanti "they leave behind" | Av -irinaxti "(he) frees"; NPers rēxtan "to pour out" | OBulg otŭ-lěkŭ "something left over", lišiti "to rob" < *leikʷ-s-, Ukr lyshyty "to leave behind"[445] | OPrus palaistun "to leave behind", Lith likti "to stay" | OIr lēicid "(he) leaves behind, releases" | lkʿanem "I leave behind" | Alb Lej leave | ||
| *Hrewk- "to dig, till (soil)"; *HrewH- "to dig, to root"[446][447] (See also *Hrew-, *Hrewp-) | rock (as in 'to move, sway') (< OE roccian); rag (< ON rǫggr) | runcō "I weed, clear of weeds, weed out"; ruō "I dig out"; rutrum "shovel" | luñcati "(s/he) plucks, pulls out, tears off; peels" | OCS ryti "to dig"; OCS rylo "spade, snouts" | |||||||||
| *Hrewp- "to break, tear up"[446][447] (See also *Hrew-, *Hrewk-) | reave, reeve, reve, bereave (< OE (be)rēofan) | rumpō "I break, burst, tear, rend; split" > rout, ruption, abrupt, etc. | rópa- "disturbing, confusing; fissure"; lopa- "breaking, injury, destruction" | ||||||||||
| *h₁reh₁- "to row"[137][448] | rudder (< OE rōþor) | rēmus "oar" | erétēs "(in the plural) oars" | áritra- "propelling, driving" |
Time
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
*nu- | nu | num, nunc (num + -ce) | nûn, nun, nu | nú | Avestan nū "now" | OCS nyně "now"; | Lith nū, nù "now"; | nu | nu "now, and" | ||||
| *dʰǵʰyés "yesterday" | yesterday (< OE ġeostra) | gistra- "tomorrow (?)" | heri "yesterday" | kʰtʰés "yesterday" | hyás "yesterday" < *ǵʰyés | Av zyō, OPers diya(ka) "yesterday" | OIr in-dē, W ddoe "yesterday" | dje "yesterday" | |||||
| *nokʷts (nekʷts) "night" | night (< OE neaht, niht < *nokʷtis) | nahts (nahts) "night" < *nokʷts | nox (noctis) "night" | núks (núktos) "night" | nák (instr. pl. náktīs) "night" | Proto-Iranian *náxts, Kurd nixte "rainy, cloudy (lack of sunlight)" | OCS noštĭ "night" | OPrus nakts "night", Lith naktis "night" | OIr i-nnocht, OW henoid "on this night" | natë "night" | A n[a]ktim "nightly", B nekciye "in the evening" | nekuz (gen. sg.) "of evening", nekuzzi "it becomes dark" | |
| *wek(ʷ)speros "evening" | vesper "evening" | hésperos "of the evening; western"[cf] | OCS večerŭ "evening"; Rus Zorya Vechernyaya "deity of the evening star" | Latv vakars, Lith vãkaras "evening"; Vakarine "goddess of the evening star" | OIr ucher "evening" | OArm gišer "night; darkness" | |||||||
| *h₂éwsōs "dawn", *h₂ews-tero- "east", *h₂ewso- "gold" | eastern (< OE ēasterne) | ON austr "east" | aurōra "dawn" (< *ausōsa, by rhot), aurum "gold" (< *ausom) | Doric āṓs "dawn"; Aeolic aúōs, ā́wōs "dawn" | uṣās (uṣásas), acc. uṣā́sam "dawn" | Av ušā̊ (ušaŋhō), acc. ušā̊ŋhǝm "dawn" | OCS (j)utro "morning" | OPrus austra "dawn", auss "gold"; Lith aušra "dawn", auksas "gold"; Latv ausma, ausmina "dawn" | OIr fāir "sunrise", W gwawr "dawn" < *wōsri- | ?os-ki "gold" | ?A wäs "gold" | ||
| *ken- "to arise, begin" [453][454] [455][456] | begin (< OE beginnan) | duginnan "to begin" | recēns "new, fresh, young" > recent | kainós "new, recent; fresh, unused; unusual" > Cenozoic | kanyā̀, kaníyā "maiden, virgin; daughter"; kanī́na- "young, youthful" | OCS načęti "to begin"; konŭ "beginning, end"; konĭcĭ "end"; zakonŭ "law"; štenę "young animal" | |||||||
| *ǵʰyem-, ǵʰeym- "winter" | ON gói "winter month" | hiems "winter" | kʰeĩma "winter" | híma- "winter", hemantá- "in winter" | Av zyā̊ (acc. zyąm, gen. zimō) "winter" | OCS zima "winter" | OPrus zeima "winter", Lith žiema "winter" | Gaul Giamonios "winter month";[cg][54][457] OIr gam "winter", gem-adaig "winter night"; OW gaem "winter" | jmeṙ "winter", jiwn "snow" | Gheg dimën, Tosk dimër(ë) "winter" | ? A śärme "winter"; ? B śimpriye "winter".[ch] | gimmanza "winter", gimi "in winter" | |
| *semh₂- "summer" | summer (< Old English sumor) | OHG sumar, OIc sumar "summer" | sámā "season; year" | Av ham- "summer"; Pers hâmin "summer"; Khot-Saka hamāñarva "summer season" | Gaul Samon(ios) "summer month"; | OArm am "year", amaṙn "summer" | A şme "summer"; B ṣmāye "summer" (adj.), ywārś-ṣmañe "midsummer"[460] | ||||||
| *wés-r̥, wes-n-és "spring" | ON vár "spring" | vēr "spring" | (w)éar "spring" | vasan-tá- "spring" | Av vaŋri "in spring"; OPers θūra-vāhara- | OCS vesna "spring" | OPrus wassara "spring", Lith vasara "summer", pavasaris "spring", vėsu "cool" | OIr errach "spring"< *ferrach < *wesr-āko-; OW guiannuin "in spring" < *wes-n̥t-eino- | garun "spring"< *wesr- | ||||
| *wet- "year", *per-ut- "last year" | wether "castrated male sheep" (< OE weþer), | OHG widar "male sheep", MHG vert "last year" <- *per-ut-, ON fjorð "last year" <- *per-ut- | vetus (veteris) "old" | (w)étos "year", pérusi "last year" | vatsá-, vatsará- "year", par-út "last year" | Sogdian wtšnyy (read wat(u)šanē) "old" | OCS vetŭchŭ "old" | OLith vẽtušas "old" | MIr feis, Cornish guis "sow" < *wet-si- | heru "last year" < *peruti | vit (pl. vjet) "year" | witt- "year" | |
| *h₂et- "to go, year"[461] | annus < atnus "year" | átati "(it) goes, walks, wanders"; hā́yana- "yearly" | |||||||||||
| *yeh₁r- "year" | year (< OE ġēar) | jēr "year" | hōrnus "this year's" < *hōyōr- | hōra "time, year" < *yoH₁r- | Av yārə "year" | Russ. CH jara "spring" | OLith Jórė "spring festival" | W iâr "hen", MIr eir-īn "fowl" | |||||
| *h₂óyu "long time, lifetime" | aiws | aevum aeternum, aeternitas "lifetime" | āyus "life, age" (as in the word āyur·veda, "knowledge of (long) life") | Gaul aiu- "eternity, longevity"[462] |
Ideas and rituals
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ǵʰew- "to pour, libate, invoke"[322] | god (< OE god < PIE. ǵʰutós "invoked, libated") | fundō "I pour" | hotrá "libation"; hotṛ "priest, offerer of libations"; juhóti "to worship, sacrifice, present an oblation"; hóma "oblation, a Vedic ritual" | gumoj “I pour” | |||||||||
| *h₁yaǵ- "to sacrifice, worship"[322] | ieientō "to eat breakfast" | hágios "devoted to the gods, holy, pious" | yájati "(s/he) worships"; yajña "worship, devotion, prayer"; yájus "religious reverence, worship, sacrifice"; | ||||||||||
| *ḱréddʰh₁eti "to believe" < *ḱred- “heart” + *dʰh₁eti "place"[322] (See also *k̂erd-) | crēdō "I believe, I trust in, I confide in" (> creed, credo) | śraddhā́ "faith, trust, confidence, loyalty", śrad-dadʰāti "(he) trusts, believes" | Av zrazdā- "to believe" < *srazdā[ci] | Old Irish cretim, W credaf "I believe" | |||||||||
| *gʷerH- "to praise, express approval; to elevate" [463][464][465] | grātus "pleasing"; grātia "grace, thankfulness"; grātuītus "freely given, free" | járate "(s/he) praises, invokes"; gṛṇā́ti "(s/he) calls, invokes, mentions with praise, extols"; gūrtá- "agreeable, pleasing, lovely; approved, welcome"; gūrtí "approval, praise; benediction" | OCS žrĭti "to sacrifice"; žrĭtva "sacrifice, offering"; žrĭcĭ "priest" | OIr bard, W bardd "bard" | grah “ to incite, to roar” | ||||||||
| *h₁wegʷʰ- "to promise, vow; praise"[466][467] | voveō, vōtum "I vow, promise; dedicate, devote; wish for" | eúkhomai "I pray, vow, wish for; profess"; eûkhos "prayer, object of prayer; boast; vow" | óhate "(s/he) says"; ukthá "saying; sentence, verse; eulogy" | Av uxδa "word" | |||||||||
| *ḱwen-, *ḱwen-tos "holy"[322][312] | Av spəṇta "holy"[468] | OCS svętŭ "holy" | Lith šveñtas "holy" | ||||||||||
| *seh₂k- "holy"[469][470] | sanciō "I render, appoint as sacred; devote, consecrate, dedicate"; sānctus "sacred, made inviolable; venerable, blessed, saintly"; sacer "sacred, holy, dedicated, consecrated; devoted" |
Unclassified
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *gʰedʰ- "to unite, join, suit"[471] | good (< OE gōd); gather (< OE gaderian); together (< OE togædere) | godǔ "suitable time, holiday, feast, right time, time, term, year"; [cj] OCS godina "hour; time"; godĭnŭ "suitable" | |||||||||||
| *bʰed- "to improve, make better"[472] | better (< OE betera); batten (< ON batna "to grow better, improve, recover"); boot[ck] (< OE bōt "help, relief, advantage, remedy") | bhadrá- "blessed, auspicious, fortunate, prosperous, happy; good, gracious, friendly, kind; excellent, fair, lovely, pleasant, dear" | betë “good, right” | ||||||||||
| *h₂el- "to grow, nourish"[473] | old (< OE eald, ald); alderman (< OE ealdorman) | aljan "to cause to grow fat, fatten" | *oleō (*olēre) "I grow"; alō (alere) "I foster, I nourish; I raise"; alimentum "food, nourishment; obligation to one's parents"; alumnus "nourished, fostered"; alimōnia "food, nourishment"; altus "high, tall"; indolēs "innate, inborn; talent"; adolescēns "growing up"; adultus "grown-up, matured" | ||||||||||
| *h₃erdʰ- "to increase, grow; upright, high"[474][475] | arbor (< OLat arbōs < PIta *arðōs) "tree (high plant)"; arduus "lofty, high, steep, elevated; arduous" | orthós "straight, upright, erect; straight forward" | ūrdhvá "rising, raised, erected; upright, high, above"; ṛ́ddhi "growth, increase; prosperity; elevation" | ||||||||||
| *bʰeh₂g- "to divide, distribute, allot"[476] | baksheesh (< Pers baxšidan "to give, grant, bestow") | éphagon "I ate, devoured (took my share)" > -phagy, (o)esophagus | bhakṣá- "food, drink, delight"; bhájati "to distribute, divide, allot, chooe, serve" | ||||||||||
| *deh₂- *deh₂y- "to share, divide"[477][478] | time (< OE tīma); tide (< OE tīd) | daíomai "I divide, share; host (a feast)"; dêmos "district, country, land; the common people; free citizens, sovereign people; deme"; daís "feast, banquet"; daitrós "one who carves and portions out meat at table"; daímōn "god, goddess; departed soul; demon" | dītí "brightness, time"; dā́ti, dyáti "(s/he) cuts, clips, mows, separates, divides"; dātrá- "allotted share" | ditë “day” | |||||||||
| *deh₂p- "to sacrifice, lose"[477][478] | tap "hit lightly" (< OE tappen); tip "touch quietly, bump quietly" (< OE tippen) | ON tafn "sacrifice" | daps "a sacrificial or solemn feast, religious banquet; meal"; damnum < dapnum "damage, injury; (financial) loss; fine" | dáptō "I eat, devour; consume, corrode"; dapánē "cost, expenditure; extravagance" | dāpayati "(s/he) divides" | Ga duan "song, poem" (< PC *daunā) | tawn "feast" | A tāpal "food" | tappala- "person responsible for court cooking" | ||||
| *delh₁- "to split, divide"[479][480] | tell, teller (< OE tellen); tale (< OE talu); talk (< OE tealcian) | dolō "I hew, chop into shape; fashion, devise"; doleō "I hurt, suffer; I grieve for, lament"; dolor "pain, ache, hurt; anguish, grief, sorrow" | dalati "it bursts"; dālayati "(s/he) splits, cracks"; dala- "deal, portion, piece, half"; | OCS delěti, odolěti "to overcome, defeat"; Russ dólja "share, fate" | |||||||||
| *dʰayl- "part, watershed" | deal (< OE dǣl); dole (< OE dāl) | OCS děliti "to divide"; OCS dělŭ "part" | |||||||||||
| *bʰeh₂- "to shine, glow"[481] | faveō "I favor"; favor "id"; faustus "favorable, fortunate"; fautor "patron, protector, promoter" | phaínō "I shine, appear, bring to light" | bhā́s "light"; bhānú "light, ray, sun" | ||||||||||
| *bʰewg- "to enjoy, benefit"[482] | fungor "I perform, execute, discharge; finish, complete, end" > fungible, defunct; fūnctiō "performance, execution (of a task)" > function | bhuj-, bhunákti "(s/he) enjoys; consumes, eats, drinks; uses, utilizes" | |||||||||||
| *bʰruHg- "to make use of, have enjoyment of"[483] | brook (< OE brūcan) "(old meaning) to use, enjoy"; Ger brauchen "to need, require" | fruor "I enjoy, derive pleasure from"; frūctus "enjoyment, delight, satisfaction; produce, product, fruit; profit, yield, outcome" ⇒ [note 109]; frūmentum "corn, grain"; frūx, frūgēs "fruits of the earth, produce" > frugal | |||||||||||
| *deyḱ- "to point out";[484] | toe (< OE tā); token (< OE tācn); teach (< OE tǣċan) | PGmc *taihwǭ "toe"; *tīhwaną "to show, announce" | dīcō "I say, utter; mention, talk"; digitus "finger, toe, digit" | díkē "custom, manner, fashion; law, order, right; judgement, justice"; deîgma "specimen, sample; pattern"; deíknumi, "I point out, show" | diśáti "(s/he) points out, shows;teaches, informs; orders, commands, bids"; deśá- "point, region, spot, part; province, country" | ||||||||
| *h₂eyḱ- "to own, obtain, come in possession of"; *h₂eh₂óyḱe- "to possess, own"[485][486] | own (< OE āgen); owe (< OE āgan); OE āga "owner"; ought, aught (< OE ǣht) | √īś, īṣṭe "(s/he) owns, possesses, is master of; rules"; īśá- "owning"; īśāná-, īśvara- "owner, master; ruler; epithets of the god Śiva" | |||||||||||
| *seǵʰ- "to hold, overpower"[487][488] | OE siġe "victory" < PGmc segaz (In personal names, e.g., Sigmund, Siegfried, etc.) | sigis "victory"; sigislaun "prize, spoils" | sevērus "severe, serious, strict, stern, stringent, austere, harsh, grave" | ékhō "I have, possess; hold, am able" ⇒ [note 110]; ískhō "I hold back, restrain; stay; hold fast, maintain"; iskhū́s "strength, power, might"; héxis "possession, act of having; a certain state, condition" ⇒ [note 111]; skhêma "form, shape, figure; appearance, show; bearing, look, air; stateliness, dignity; fashion, manner; character, persona; state, nature; species, kind; dance; sketch, outline, plan, scheme" ⇒ [note 112]; okhurós "firm, lasting, stout"; skholḗ "leisure, free time; rest; philosophy; place where lectures are given" ⇒ [note 113]; Héktōr lit. "conqueror"; skhétlios "able to hold out, steadfast, unflinching" | sáhate "(s/he) overcomes, vanquishes, conquers, prevails; is able, capable; bears, endures"; sáhas "strength, power, force"; sā́ḍhṛ[cl] "conqueror" | Gaul Sego- (in personal and tribal names) "victory"[489] | |||||||
| *h₃erbʰ- "to change status, ownership"; *h₃órbʰos "servant, worker, slave; orphan"[490][491] | erf "heritage, inheritance" (< OE erfe); | Ger arbeit "work", Erbe heir | orbus "orphaned, parentless" | orphanós "orphan; childless; bereft" | árbha- "orphan; child; small" | OCS rabŭ "servant, slave" (< *ārbǔ);[492] Czech orbota "hard work, slavery" > robot; Pol robić "to make, to do" | |||||||
| *Hrew- "to tear out, dig out, open, acquire"[446][447] (See also *Hrewp-, *Hrewk-) | rudis "rough, raw, uncultivated; unrefined, unskilled" ⇒ [note 114] | róman "hair, body hair" | OCS runo "fleece" |
Derivatives
- ^ maternal, maternity, matron, matrimony, matrix, matriculate, material, matter, madeira, alma mater, etc.
- ^ Dēmḗtēr Demeter;
mētrópolis "metropolis, lit., mother-city" - ^ paternal, paternity, patron, patronize, pattern, patrimony, patriot, expatriate, patrician, perpetrate, compadre, etc.
- ^ fraternal, fraternity, fraternize, friar,[b] confrere
- ^ sorority
- ^ nepotism
- ^ avuncular
- ^ human, , humanity, ad hominem, etc
- ^ virile, virtue, triumvir(ate), etc.[o]
- ^ regal, regalia, regicide, royal, etc.
- ^ corps, corpse, corporal, corporation, incorporate, etc.
- ^ cap, cape, chapeau, capital, chapter, capitulate, decapitate, per capita, kaput, etc.
- ^ language, lingo etc.
- ^ ocular, binoculars, etc.
- ^ core, cordial, record, accord, discord, concord, accordion, misericordia, courage, etc.
- ^ cruel, crude
- ^ tripod, podium, etc.
- ^ manual, manufacture, manuscript, manipulate, manifest, maintain, manage, manumission, emancipate, mandate, demand, commend, countermand, mandatory, masturbate etc.
- ^ pecunious, impecunious
- ^ a b auspices, auspicious
- ^ grain, granary, granule, granite, pomegranate, etc.
- ^ agrarian, agriculture, pilgrim, peregrinate, etc.
- ^ promulgate, emulsion, etc.
- ^ molar (tooth)
- ^ immolate
- ^ maul, mallet, malleable
- ^ Spanish 'zumo' via Arabic
- ^ fervent, fervor, fervid, effervescence
- ^ saline, salsa, sauce, salad, sausage (salchicha, saucisse), salami, salary
- ^ semen, seminar, seminary, seminal, disseminate, inseminate, season, sative, etc.
- ^ member, membrane
- ^ "dorm, dormitory, dorter"
- ^ progeny, progenitor
- ^ nee [aw]
- ^ nascent
- ^ native, nativity, etc.
- ^ Spa Navidad "Christmas"
- ^ nature, natural, etc.
- ^ nation, national, etc.
- ^ Natalia, Natalie, Natasha, Noël, etc.
- ^ general, generic, generate, generous, congenital, degenerate, gender, genre, etc.
- ^ gent, gentle, gentleman, gentile, genteel, etc.
- ^ genitive, primogeniture, etc.
- ^ ingenuous, ingenu, ingenue
- ^ ingenious, engine, engineer, gin (instrument, as in cotton gin), etc.
- ^ germ, germinate, germane, etc., but not German
- ^ genitals, genitalia
- ^ genesis, genes, genetic, etc.
- ^ auction, etc.
- ^ author, etc.
- ^ augment, etc.
- ^ augury, inaugurate, etc.
- ^ August, etc.
- ^ auxiliary, etc.
- ^ "audio, audience, obey, obedience, auditorium, etc."
- ^ aesthetic
- ^ memento
- ^ reminisce
- ^ memory
- ^ monster
- ^ mathematics
- ^ "memory, remember, etc."
- ^ "mora, moratory, moratorium"
- ^ "martyr"
- ^ dekko
- ^ aspect, inspect, respect, prospect, perspective, retrospect, despicable, conspicuous, perspicuous, perspicacious, spectacle, spectacular, etc etc.
- ^ species, spice, special, specify, specific
- ^ spectre, spectrum
- ^ speculate
- ^ scope, -scope, -scopy
- ^ bishop, episcopal
- ^ skeptic, skeptical, skepticism
- ^ council, conciliate, etc.
- ^ clamor, claim, exclamation, etc.
- ^ clear, clarify, etc.
- ^ stylus, style (originally same meaning as stylus: a particular form of writing > style)
- ^ humble, humility, exhume, etc
- ^ "incinerate, cinerary, cinerarium"
- ^ "foment, fomentation"
- ^ "fever, febrile"
- ^ "February"
- ^ pollute, pollution
- ^ fort, forte, fortitude, fortification, force, effort, etc
- ^ chernozem, chernukha, Cherno(byl)
- ^ ?Siam
- ^ civic, city, citizen, etc.
- ^ cite, incite, excite, Incitātus (Caligula's horse), resuscitate, solicit, etc.
- ^ site, situation, etc.
- ^ expose, exponent, depose, deponent, oppose, opponent, proponent, posit, position, positive, post, etc.
- ^
impeccable, impeach - ^ podium, pew
- ^ sequence, second, segue, etc.
- ^ vert-, verse, versus, version, invert, convert, inverse, reverse, controversy, anniversary etc.
- ^ join, joinder, joint, junction, juncture, conjugal, conjugate, conjunct, adjunct, injunction, rejoin, rejoinder, jostle, joust, adjust, etc.
- ^ local, locate, locality, locomotion, allocate, etc.
- ^ epistle, pistle, epistolary, etc.
- ^ sect (or possibly from Lat. sequi, "follow"), -sect, sectile, section, sector, dissect, insect, intersect, resect, transect, etc.
- ^ carnal, carnage, carnation, carnival, carrion, caruncle, carnivorous, charnel, charcuterie, incarnate, etc., Spa carne
- ^ scrutiny, scrutinize, inscrutable, etc.
- ^ scruple, scrupulous, etc.
- ^ cult, culture, cultivate, incult, etc.
- ^ colony, colonial, etc.
- ^ collar, accolade, decollate, etc
- ^ palindrome, palimpsest, palinode
- ^ telegraph, television, etc.
- ^ evolve, revolve, involve, involucrum, convolve, devolve, voluble etc.;
- ^ vale, valley
- ^ helix, helical, helicopter
- ^ fruit, fructose
- ^ eunuch (lit. bed-keeper)
- ^ hectic
- ^ scheme, schematic
- ^ school, scholar, scholastic
- ^ rude, rudimentary, erudite
Footnotes
- ^ Reflexes of the stem in daughter languages also refer to deified beings and deities within their respective mythologies/religions: Old English Mōdraniht ('Night of the Mothers'); Celtic and Germanic Matres and Matronae (Latin for 'Mothers and Matrons'); Latvian Māte ('Mother'); Gaulish Dea Matrona ('Divine Mother Goddess'); Sanskrit Matrikas ('Divine Mothers').
- ^ e.g., black friar
- ^ Phralipe, or Pralipe, "brotherhood", name of several Gypsy/Romany organizations, including a music band and a literary magazine.
- ^ sw- > xw-
- ^ kʿoyr *swesōr; kʿeʿ < *swesros; kʿor-kʿ < *swesŏres.
- ^ Varias García (2017) pointed out that a tablet from Mycene uses "tu-ka-te", whereas tablets from Knossos, Pylos and Thebes use "ko-wa" (*korwa, later koré 'maiden, girl').[21]
- ^ Although this word is attested in Hittite, it is considered a loanword from Luwian. While scholarship recognizes the likelihood of its being the reflex of the root in Anatolian, its appearance in Hittite and Luwian would indicate a different meaning, however.[26][27]
- ^ The root could also be found in Anatolian languages with later attestation: Isaurian personal name Τουάτρης Touatris; Pisidian name Δωταρι Dotari.[28] However, Simon Zsolt questions the interpretation of Dotari as a reflex, since this word is attested as a compound in male names.[29]
- ^ Other interpretations are "son of the yew" or "son of the boar".[34]
- ^ The word is attested in Plate III of the Botorrita plaques. Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel interprets "-SUNOS" as the remnant of the root in the Celtic branch.[22][35]
- ^ This is the other possible attestation of the root in the Celtic branch.[36]
- ^ As argued by Peyrot and Meng (2021).[42]
- ^ cf. divide
- ^ bridegome in Middle English, subsequently influenced by groom (archaically "servant, man").
- ^ But not virus
- ^ These reflexes are suggested by Belarusian scholar Siarhiej Sanko.[51]
- ^ See also Thr goni "woman".[52]
- ^ See also Phry knaiko, knaikan "woman".[53]
- ^ Joseph Vendryes had suggested that compound names with the stem seem to be common around the southeast and the Balkans.[64] However, the stem "is attested ... in Messapic, in Osco-Umbrian, in Venetic, in Gaulish, in Celtiberian, in Brittonic languages, in Welsh, in German and in the Baltic languages",[65] as seen, for instance, in Illyrian Teuta (a Illyrian female ruler); Messapic teuta (community) and Taotor (name of deity); tribal name Teutons.
- ^ However, Robert Beekes suggests a non-Indo-European, substrate origin for the stem and its reflexes.[66]
- ^ Woudhuizen lists possible reflexes: Phrygian totos, teutous; Mycenaean te-u-ta-(ko-ro).[53] Another reflex appears in Thracian personal name Tautomedes, cited by J. P. Mallory,[69] and Ancient Macedonian (Pelasgian?) general Teutamus.[66]
- ^ hēm- < *ām- (with h- after hum- "you (pl.)") < *asm- < *n̥sm-.
- ^ a b OE ēow (acc., dat.) and ēow-ic̣ (acc., with the same -c̣ ending visible in 1st. sg. acc. mēc̣ "me", also modern German mich "me"), likewise Old High German iuwih "you (acc./dat. pl.)" (modern euch), appear to have the same origin as izw- in Gothic izwis "you (acc./dat. pl)", with unexplained loss of -z-. izwis appears to come from stem izw- plus originally genitive -is, where izw- comes ultimately from PIE *us-we with the loss of u- also visible in Avestan and Celtic, followed by the addition of a prothetic i-. (Ringe, 2006)
- ^ Cf. Latin ne-que, Gothic ni-h, Hittite ni-kku, Lydian ni-k "and not, nor".
- ^ All suggested etymologies of një "one" are highly speculative, at best. This etymology is one of two given by E. Hamp in Indo-European Numerals (Jadranka Gvozdanović, ed., 1992), pp. 903-904; the other is simply from PIE *eni- (or H₂en-), a PIE deictic particle visible in Sanskrit anyá- "the other", OCS onŭ "that one", Lithuanian anàs "that one". Michiel de Vaan, in a review of Demiraj's Sistemi i numerimit, suggests PIE *H₂en-io-no- > pre-Proto-Albanian *ëńán > Proto-Albanian *ńâ > një. M. Huld (Basic Albanian Etymologies, p. 101) attempts to derive një from PIE *sm-iH₂, feminine of *sem "one" and reflected in Ancient Greek mía; this etymology is also tentatively suggested in Don Ringe et al. "IE and Computational Cladistics", p. 75 (Transactions of the Philological Society 100, 2002).
- ^ For example, qñnã-tba "twelve" (litt. "ten" plus "two").[73]
- ^ See also: Umb peturpursus "quadruped".
- ^ Cf. Thr ketri- "four".[76]
- ^ See also: Osc pomp- "five".[77]
- ^ See also Phry pinke "five".[53]
- ^ Built upon osmŭ "eighth" < *H₁ok̂t-mo-.
- ^ With nasalization after *septḿ̥ "seven".
- ^ There is the possibility that Lycian sñta could mean either "ten" or "(one) hundred".[78][81]
- ^ But not kephalḗ!
- ^ Possible Anatolian reflex of the root, as posited by Sasseville (2020).[110]
- ^ Only in *aíƕatundi "bramble", literally "horse-tooth".
- ^ Expected form is *vōs, not *bōs; evidently this is a borrowing from Oscan or Umbrian.
- ^ bóu, báu are archaic genitives; later báo, bó.
- ^ Celtic river-goddess
- ^ In the latter case, a direct parallel to Skt. go·vinda- "cow-finder"
- ^ River in Ireland
- ^ Proposed by Yakubovich and Sasseville (2018).[124]
- ^ Cf. also Phry ἔξις or ἔζις (ezi) "hedgehog".
- ^ In ancient Roman tradition, the Avernus was a lake where birds died as they flew near it.
- ^ See also Illyrian tribal name Enchele "eel-people".
- ^ The name migrated to Eastern Europe,[150] assumed the form "azhdaja" and the meaning "dragon", "dragoness"[151] or "water snake"[152] in Balkanic and Slavic languages.[153]
- ^ See also Ovinnik 'a spirit of the barn'.[192]
- ^ a b Lit. drinking implement
- ^ Via French né, née
- ^ Cf. Sanskrit janitár-, Greek genetḗr, genétōr, Latin genitor "procreator".
- ^ Seen in many personal or tribal names: Biuitoni, Biuonia, Dago-bius, etc
- ^ This borrowing is found in almost every Slavic language and is said to be "without doubt the most famous Germanic loanword in Slavic" (Pronk-Tiethoff (2013))
- ^ Derived by some from *men- "to think"
- ^ standard present tense formed using a suppletive root
- ^ all Slavic languages
- ^ Under the misguided influence of Greek stûlos "pillar"
- ^ Cf. Asteria (litt.) "starry one"; Astraeus "god of dusk" (litt. "starry"); Astraea "star-maiden"; Cretan king Asterion "starry".
- ^ acc. stā̆rǝm, gen. stārō, pl. nom. staras-ča, stārō, acc. strǝ̄uš, gen. strǝ̄m, dat. stǝrǝbyō.
- ^ Tīw < *déywos was the Germanic god of war, but originally was a sky-god and head of the gods, like Zeus.
- ^ *déywos > Lat. deus; gen. *deiwī > Lat. dīvī. From each stem a full declension was formed.
- ^ According to linguist Vitaly Shevoroshkin, the noun exists in other Anatolian languages: Lycian ziw-; Lydian civ-; Luwian Tiwa-; Palaic Tija-.[123]
- ^ Other dialectal variants are Cretan awélios or ābélios; Doric āélios.
- ^ Seen in chamomile (from khamaimēlon "earth-apple") and chameleon (from khamailéōn "earth-lion").[190]
- ^ a b c d It is unclear how the original PIE forms produced the attested daughter-language forms. After the loss of laryngeals, original *péh₂wr̥, ph₂unés would regularly produce *pāwr̥, punés. It is possible that this form was considered too strange-looking, with the result that the u vowel was borrowed from the second stem into the first, yielding *púwr̥, punés. This compressed to *pūr, punés, and this stem set, or its regularized version *pūr, purés, might form the basis of the Umbrian, Greek and Armenian forms. For Germanic, however, something else must be at work. Ringe (2006) suggests that the following sequence of events produced Gothic fōn: Collective péh₂wōr -> ph₂uṓr (cf. Tocharian B puwar) > puōr > Proto-Germanic fuwōr > fwōr > fōr -> fōn (using -n- from the oblique stem), where -> indicates a change due to analogy, while > indicates a regular sound change. His explanation of funins and fuïr is very tentative and complicated. Pokorny's suggestion for Germanic is rather different. He derives fōn from *fwōn, with no further derivation, but probably different from Ringe's. fuïr comes from *puweri, a locative that could be formed from a nominative *púwr̥ or possibly from a stem *pur-. It suffices to say that the processes involved are not well understood.
- ^ Februārius mēnsis - Roman month of expiation
- ^ Cf. Thracian river name Struma and river-god Strymon; Illyrian toponyms Stravianae and Strevintia; Lith. (dial.) river name Straujà; Old Prussian place-names Strewe, Stromyke and Strowange.[296] Stravianae (or Stravijanu) is tentatively located by scholars near the modern day city of Našice, in east Croatia.[297]
- ^ The literal meaning is "place between the rivers".
- ^ Scholarly opinion seems to agree that the word must have referred to a large body of water.
- ^ Replaced OE sār, compare Ger sehr
- ^ a b *H₁le(n)gʷʰ- and *h₁rewdʰ- are both roots that form Caland-type adjectives. These roots are notable in that they form zero-stem adjectives with certain characteristic suffixes, especially -ro- and -u-, along with -i- in compounds. Other examples are *h₂erǵ- "white" (cf. Greek argós < *argrós "white", Sanskrit ṛjrá- "brilliant", Tocharian B ārkwi "white", Greek argi-kéraunos "with bright lightning") and *dʰewb- "deep" (cf. Lithuanian dubùs "hollow" < *dʰub-u-, Tocharian B tapre "high" < *dʰub-ro-).
- ^ contested
- ^ Cf. also Thrac arzas "white".[328]
- ^ Etymon rudá appears in idiomatic expressions denoting "anger".[338]
- ^ Latin etymons galbus ("yellow") and galbinus ("greenish-yellow") are also suggested to derive from this root.[344]
- ^ See also: Phr glouros "gold".[345][346]
- ^ Not cognate
- ^ ibetis uciu andecari biiete - 'drink from here and be nice' - Limé (Aisne) inscrpition
- ^ See also Umbrian benust (Latin uenerit) and Oscan kúm-bened (Latin conuentio).
- ^ Now compare 'prose' and 'verse'
- ^ wagon is a loan-word from Dutch.
- ^ Some of these words might instead derive from *sekʷ- "to follow"
- ^ Not related to Spanish alquilar
- ^ Probably
- ^ See also Hesperus "evening star"; Hesperides "daughters of the evening; nymphs of the west".
- ^ Attested in the Coligny calendar, written in Gaulish language.
- ^ Douglas Q. Adams reads the words as "winter, wintry", although there are other interpretations.[458][459]
- ^ Influenced by zǝrǝd "heart".
- ^ Range of meanings across the different Slavic languages
- ^ as in 'to boot', 'bootless'
- ^ exact cognate of Héktōr
Tabular notes
- ^ a b c Complex ablauting stem:
Singular Plural Language Nom Acc Gen Dat Nom Acc Gen PIE gʷṓws gʷṓm gʷéws gʷéwey gʷówes gʷówm̥s gʷéwoHom Sanskrit gáus gā́m gṓs gávē gā́vas gā́s gávām Avestan gāuš gąm gāuš gave gā̆vō gā̊ gavąm - ^ Complex ablauting stem:
Language Nom Acc Voc Gen Dat Loc Instr Pl PIE d(i)yḗws dyḗm dyéw diw-és, -ós diwéy dyéwi and dyéw ? Greek Zdeús Zdẽn Zdeũ Di(w)ós Di(w)í Sanskrit d(i)yāús dyā́m ? divás, dyōs divḗ dyáví, diví dyú-bhis - ^ a b Complex ablauting stem:
Language Nom Acc Voc Gen Dat Loc Instr Pl PIE d(i)yēus dyēum dyĕu diw-és, -ós diwéi dyéwi and dyēu ? Greek Zdeús Zdẽn Zdeũ Di(w)ós Di(w)í Sanskrit d(i)yāús dyā́m ? divás, dyōs divḗ dyáví, diví dyú-bhis
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- ^ Pokorny, pp. 194-196
- ^ Dnghu, p. 326
- ^ Dnghu, p. 434
- ^ Dnghu, p. 513
- ^ Dnghu, p. 545
- ^ Dnghu, p. 962
- ^ Pokorny, p. 298
- ^ Dnghu, pp. 2582-2583
- ^ Pokorny, pp. 888-889
- ^ Delamarre (2003), pp. 269-270.
- ^ Dnghu, pp. 2250-2251
- ^ Pokorny, pp. 781-782
- ^ Georgiev, Vladimir (1965). "Problèmes phonématiques du slave commun" (PDF). Revue des études slaves. 44 (1): 7–17. doi:10.3406/slave.1965.1882.[permanent dead link]
Bibliography
- Pokorny, Julius (1959). Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch.
- Dnghu. Proto-Indo-European Etymological Dictionary. (A revised edition of Julius Pokorny's Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, CCA-GNU)
- Beekes, Robert (1995). Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. J. Benjamins Pub. ISBN 1-55619-504-4.
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-17418-4.
- Mallory, James; Adams, DQ (24 August 2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (2006 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-928791-0.
- Kölligan, Daniel (2018). "The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European". Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. pp. 2229–2279. doi:10.1515/9783110542431-045. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1. S2CID 134708437.
- Delamarre, Xavier. Le Vocabulaire Indo-Européen. Paris: Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient. 1984. ISBN 2-7200-1028-6
- Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
- Kloekhorst, Alwin. Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5. Leiden, The Netherlands; Boston, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11996
- Matasovic, Ranko. Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. 2009. ISBN 978-90-04-17336-1
- Monier-Williams, Monier (1960). A Sanskrit-English. Oxford: Oxford Clarendon.
Further reading
On numerals:
- Bjørn, Rasmus (2019). "Nouns and Foreign Numerals: Anatolian 'Four' and the Development of the PIE Decimal System". Dispersals and Diversification. pp. 54–76. doi:10.1163/9789004416192_004. ISBN 978-90-04-41450-1. S2CID 213661601.
- Bomhard, Allan R. (2008). "Some thoughts on the Proto-Indo-European cardinal numbers". In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory. pp. 213–221. doi:10.1075/z.145.18bom. ISBN 978-90-272-3252-6.
- Prósper, Blanca María (2014). "The Indo-european ordinal numerals 'fourth' and 'fifth' and the reconstruction of the Celtic and Italic numeral systems". Die Sprache. 51 (1): 1–50. doi:10.13173/SPR.51.1.001.
- de Vaan, Michiel (2019). "Proto-Indo-European *sm and *si 'one'". The Precursors of Proto-Indo-European. pp. 203–218. doi:10.1163/9789004409354_015. ISBN 978-90-04-40934-7. S2CID 213154612.
On nature and the passage of time:
- Blažek, Václav. "Astronomická terminologie v indoevropských jazycích" [Astronomic terminology in Indo-European languages]. In: Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity. A, Řada jazykovědná = Linguistica Brunensia. 2005, vol. 54, iss. A53, pp. [31]-49. ISSN 0231-7567.
- Huld, Martin E. (1986). "Proto- and post-Indo-European designations for 'sun'". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 99 (2): 194–202. JSTOR 40848835.
- Paraskiewicz, Kinga (2002). "The names of seasons of the year in Iranian languages". Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia. 7: 67–78.
On animals:
- Gąsiorowski, Piotr (2013). "Gruit Grus: The Indo-European Names of the Crane". Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia. 18 (1): 51–68. hdl:10593/2391.
- Hammer, Niels (2015). "Eurasian Cranes, Demoiselle Cranes, PIE +ger-and Onomatopoetics". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 43 (1–2): 81–99. ProQuest 1692251424.
- Huld, Martin E. (2014). "Armenian agraw and an Indo-European Word for 'Crow, Raven'". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 42 (3–4): 294–301. ProQuest 1628229687.
- Huard, Athanaric. "On Tocharian B kents* and PIE *g̑hans- ‘goose’". In: wékwos: Revue d'études indo-européennes. Volume 5. Les Cent Chemins. 2019. ISBN 979-8581017487.
- Palmér, Axel I.; Jakob, Anthony; Thorsø, Rasmus; Sluis, Paulus van; Swanenvleugel, Cid; Kroonen, Guus (18 March 2021). "Proto-Indo-European 'fox' and the reconstruction of an athematic ḱ-stem". Indo-European Linguistics. 9 (1): 234–263. doi:10.1163/22125892-bja10008. hdl:1887/3212933. S2CID 233677001.
- Nurkiyazova, Sevindj (13 May 2019). "The English Word That Hasn't Changed in Sound or Meaning in 8,000 Years". Nautilus.
On kinship and family:
- Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European *suHnu- 'son' and his relatives". In: Indogermanistik und Linguistik im Dialog. Akten der XIII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft von 21. bis 27. September 2008 in Salzburg, hrg. Thomas Krisch & Thomas Lindner. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2011. pp. 79–89. ISBN 978-3-89500-681-4
- Cooper, Brian. "The Lexicology and Etymology of Russian Family Relationships". In: Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia Vol. 14. Issue 1. Kraków: 2009. pp. 153–176. ISBN 978-83-233-2758-5
- Fernández, Esteban Ngomo (2022). "La palabra para 'hija' en indoeuropeo: un análisis comparativo" [THE WORD FOR ‘DAUGHTER’ IN INDO-EUROPEAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS]. Revista Española de Lingüística (in Spanish). 52 (1): 169–182. doi:10.31810/RSEL.52.1.5. S2CID 250377644.
- Friedrich, Paul (January 1966). "Proto-Indo-European Kinship". Ethnology. 5 (1): 1–36. doi:10.2307/3772899. JSTOR 3772899.
- Galton, Herbert (1957). "The Indo-European Kinship Terminology". Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. 82 (1): 121–138. JSTOR 25840433.
- Hettrich, Heinrich (1985). "Indo-European Kinship Terminology in linguistics and Anthropology". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (4): 453–480. JSTOR 30028080.
- Heltoft, Lars (29 April 2020). "The Malt stone as evidence for a morphological archaism: Reconstructing the Proto-Nordic and Proto-Germanic systems of kinship terms". NOWELE. 73 (1): 4–20. doi:10.1075/nowele.00031.hel. S2CID 219013196.
- Humphreys, S. C. (2017). "Proto-Indo-European Kinship and Society: Kin Terms". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 45 (3–4): 373–425. ProQuest 2070902282.
- Kullanda, Sergey (February 2002). "Indo-European 'Kinship Terms' Revisited". Current Anthropology. 43 (1): 89–111. doi:10.1086/324127. S2CID 224797067.
- Milanova, Veronika (2020). "Brothers and Many Others: The Concept 'Offspring' and its Semantic Extensions in IndoEuropean Languages". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 48 (1–2): 189–217. ProQuest 2429828943.
- Pârvulescu, Adrian (1 January 1989). "Blood and IE. Kinship Terminology". Indogermanische Forschungen. 94 (1): 67–88. doi:10.1515/if-1989-0107. S2CID 171400036.
- Rau, Jeremy (2011). "Indo-European Kinship Terminology: *ph₂tr-ou̯-/ph₂tr̥-u̯- and its Derivatives". Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics. 124: 1–25. doi:10.13109/hisp.2011.124.1.1. JSTOR 41553560.
- Starke, Frank (1987). "Die Vertretungen von uridg. *d h ugh₂tér- "Tochter" in den luwischen Sprachen und ihre Stammbildung". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 100 (2): 243–269. JSTOR 40848875.
On agriculture and produce:
- Blažek, Václav. "On Indo-European ‘barley’". In: Simmelkjaer Sandgaard Hansen, Bjarne; Nielsen Whitehead, Benedicte; Olander, Thomas; Olsen, Birgit Anette. Etymology and the European Lexicon. Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft (17-22 September 2012, Copenhagen). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2016. pp. 53–68. ISBN 978-3-95490-202-6
- Hyllested, Adam (2019). "Did Proto-Indo-European Have a Word for Wheat? Hittite šeppit(t)- Revisited and the Rise of Post-PIE Cereal Terminology". Dispersals and Diversification. pp. 130–143. doi:10.1163/9789004416192_007. ISBN 978-90-04-41450-1. S2CID 213979041.
- Mikić, Aleksandar (14 December 2011). "A note on some Proto-Indo-European roots related to grain legumes". Indogermanische Forschungen. 116 (2011): 60–71. doi:10.1515/9783110239485.60. S2CID 170487201.
- Mikić, Aleksandar (2015). "Palaeolinguistics and ancient Eurasian pulse crops". Current Science. 108 (1): 45–50. JSTOR 24216173.
- Garnier, Romain; Sagart, Laurent; Sagot, Benoît (2017). "Milk and the Indo-Europeans". Language Dispersal Beyond Farming. pp. 291–311. doi:10.1075/z.215.13gar. ISBN 978-90-272-1255-9. S2CID 165681446.
- Schürr, Diether (1 January 2019). "Urindogermanisch Wein und Met in den anatolischen Sprachen". Aramazd. 13 (1): 44–59.
On colors:
- Shields, Kenneth (1979). "Indo-European Basic Colour Terms". Canadian Journal of Linguistics. 24 (2): 142–146. doi:10.1017/S0008413100023409. S2CID 148651177.
On verbs related to action and motion:
- Verkerk, Annemarie (10 April 2015). "Where do all the motion verbs come from?: The speed of development of manner verbs and path verbs in Indo-European". Diachronica. 32 (1): 69–104. doi:10.1075/dia.32.1.03ver. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0026-D05D-6.
On bodily functions:
External links
Look up Category:Proto-Indo-European terms by etymology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- Query Julius Pokorny's landmark Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch [dead link], the standard reference for Indo-European vocabulary. Complete coverage of cognates of each root (although Hittite and Tocharian coverage is spotty), highly accurate forms. Beware, roots are given in pre-laryngeal form and glosses are in German.
- American Heritage Indo-European Roots Index
- Database query to the online version of Pokorny's PIE dictionary
- Index to the online version of Pokorny's PIE dictionary
- Jonathan Slocum, Indo-European Lexicon from the University of Texas Linguistic Research Center
- IE-CoR (relaciones cognadas indoeuropeas)
