Zaghawa language

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Zaghawa is a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Zaghawa people of east-central Chad (in the Sahel) and northwestern Sudan (Darfur). The people who speak this language call it Beria, from Beri, the endonym of the Zaghawa people, and a, Zaghawa for "mouth". It has been estimated that there are about 447,400 native speakers of the Zaghawa language, who primarily live in Chad and the Darfur region of Sudan. It is also spoken by a smaller number of people in Libya.

Zaghawa clans are:^[2]

• Beria (Arabic: Zaghawa)
• Tuba (Arabic: Bideyat): Biria, Brogat
• Kube (Arabic: Zaghawa): Dirong, Guruf, Kube, Kapka
• Wegi (Arabic: Twer)

Zaghawa dialects, which do not always correspond to clan divisions, are:^[2]

Zaghawa has a nine-vowel system with advanced-tongue-root vowel harmony. The vowels fall into two sets:

• /i e o u/
• /ɪ ɛ a ɔ ʊ/,

with the vowels of affixes depending on the set of vowels in the stem, and with /a/ functioning in both sets. There is some variation among dialects as to the presence of a tenth vowel, /ə/, which in some dialects functions as the +ATR counterpart of /a/. Diphthongs are /ei əu iə/ and /aɪ aʊ ɔɪ/.

Consonants are simple:

Osman also includes /ʒ ħ/ in this list.^[3] /ʃ/ occurs primarily in the Sudanese dialect as a variant of /s/ appearing before /i/. The phonemic status of the rhotics are unclear: Osman states that [ɾ r] may be exchanged without any change in meaning, yet maintains that they are distinct phonemes. Of the obstruents, /p/ may not occur word-initially, and only /p t k s/ may occur word-finally, with /b/ in final position in some dialects. /r/ may not occur word-initially, and /f ɾ/ only appear in the middle of words, as in /tòrfù/ 'bird'.^[3]

There are five tones, high, mid, low, rising, falling, all of which may occur on simple vowels, for example in /ɪ́ɡɪ́/ I watered, /ɪ̌ɡɪ̂/ I said, /ɪ̀ɡɪ̀/ right (direction). Tone distinguishes words, but also has grammatical functions; for example, the plural of many nouns is formed by changing the tone of the final syllable from low to high, and the perfective aspect of many verbs is similarly formed by changing the tone of the final syllable from low to high.

Words tend to be short, often CV and CVCV. The most complex syllables are CVC and CRV, where R is either of the two rhotics.

In the 1950s, a Zaghawa schoolteacher named Adam Tajir created an alphabet for the Zaghawa language that was based on the clan identification marks (brands). Sometimes known as the camel alphabet, he based the phoneme choice on the Arabic language rather than on Zaghawa. Also, some of the marks were longer than others, which made it harder to use it as a computer font.

In 2000, a Beri veterinarian named Siddick Adam Issa prepared an improved version of the alphabet which is named Beria Giray Erfe (Beria Writing Marks). In 2007, this system of writing was turned into a computer font by Seonil Yun in cooperation with SIL International and the Mission Protestante Franco-Suisse au Tchad.^[4]

There is also an Arabic script alphabet under development, based on the Tijani system of writing African languages in the 13th century.

• Jakobi, Angelika; Crass, Joachim (2004). Grammaire du beria (langue saharienne). Cologne: Rudiger Koppe. ISBN 978-3-89645-136-1.
• Khidir, Zakaria Fadoul (1999). Lexique des plantes connues Beri du Tchad. University of Leipzig Papers on Africa. Vol. 11. University of Leipzig. ISBN 3-932632-40-0. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020.
• Khidir, Zakaria Fadoul (2001). Lexique des animaux chez les Beri du Tchad. University of Leipzig Papers on Africa. Vol. 17. University of Leipzig. ISBN 3-935999-00-3. Archived from the original on 6 June 2020.
• MacMichael, H. A. (July–December 1912). "Notes on the Zaghawa and the People of Gebel Midob, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 42: 288–344. doi:10.2307/2843192. JSTOR 2843192.
• Osman, Suleiman Norein (2006). "Phonology of the Zaghawa Language in Sudan" (PDF). In Abu-Manga, Al-Amin; Gilley, Leoma; Storch, Anne (eds.). Insights into Nilo-Saharan Language, History and Culture: Proceedings of the 9th Nilo-Saharan Linguistic Colloquium, University of Khartoum. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe. pp. 347–361. ISBN 978-3-89645-660-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2012.
• Tubiana, Joseph (1963). "Note sur la langue des zaghawa". Travaux de XXVe congrès internationale des orientalistes. Moscow: 614–619.
• Tubiana, Marie-Josée (1964). Survivances préislamiques en pays zaghawa. Paris: Université de Paris.
• Tubiana, Marie-Josée (1985). Des troupeaux et de femmes: Mariage et transferts de biens chez les Beri (Zaghawa et Bideyat) du Tchad et du Soudan. Paris: L’Harmattan.
• Tubiana, Marie-Josée; Tubiana, Joseph, eds. (1995). Contes Zaghawa du Tchad. Paris: L’Harmattan.

• ELAR documentation on the Sudanese dialectal variant of Zaghawa