Timeline of Indian history

This is a timeline of Indian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in India and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of India. Also see the list of governors-general of India, list of prime ministers of India and list of years in India.

Timeline of Indian history.

Pre-historic India

Pre-90th century BCE (BC)

YearDateEvent
4,000,000 – 100,000 BCETools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in the northwestern subcontinent.[1][2] The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley.[3] Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across what are now India, Pakistan, and Nepal.[4][5] Some of the Bhimbetka rock shelters were inhabited by Homo erectus more than 100,000 years ago.[6][7]

Evidence suggested that occupation of the Indian subcontinent by hominins was sporadic until circa 700,000 years ago, and was geographically widespread by around 250,000 years ago.[8]

Madrasian culture sites have been found in Attirampakkam (Attrambakkam=13° 13' 50", 79° 53' 20"), which is located near Chennai (formerly known as Madras), Tamil Nadu.[9] Thereafter, tools related to this culture have been found at various other locations in this region. Bifacial handaxes and cleavers are typical assemblages recovered of this culture.[10] Flake tools, microliths and other chopping tools have also been found. Most of these tools were composed of the metamorphic rock quartzite.[9] The stone tool artifacts in this assemblage have been identified as a part of the second inter-pluvial period in India.[11]

Evidence for presence of Hominins with Acheulean technology 150,000–100,000 BCE in Tamil Nadu.[12]

74,000 – 30,000 BCETechnology similar to contemporary artifacts found used by Homo sapiens in Africa found in Jwalapuram around 74,000 BCE.

Paleolithic industries in South India Tamil Nadu 30,000 BCE.[13]

90th–50th century BCE

YearDateEvent
9,000 BCEEarly Neolithic culture with first confirmed semi-permanent settlements appeared 11,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh, India. Some of the Stone Age cave paintings found among the Bhimbetka rock shelters are approximately 30,000 years old.[14]

The ancient history of the region includes some of Indian subcontinent's oldest settlements[15] and some of its major civilisations.[16][17]

Bronze Age India

50th–40th century BCE

YearDateEvent
4000 BCEPhase of the Indus Valley Civilisation begins. The civilization used an early form of the Indus signs, now called Indus script.

Over the course of the next 1000–1500 years, inhabitants of the Civilization developed new techniques in handicraft (carnelian products, seal carving) and metallurgy (copper, bronze, lead, and tin) had elaborate urban planning, baked brick houses, efficient drainage systems, water supply systems, and clusters of large non-residential buildings.[18] The civilization depended significantly on trade, was the first civilization to use wheeled transport in the form of bullock carts, and also used boats.[19]

YearDateEvent
2800 BCEThe Indus Valley Civilization expand across the whole of modern-day Pakistan, much of northern India, and large parts of Afghanistan, with Harappa and Mohenjo-daro becoming large metropolises.[20]
2600 BCEEnd of the Early Indus Valley Civilization culture. Start of Mature Indus Valley Civilization culture
YearDateEvent
1900 BCEEnd of Mature Indus Valley Civilization culture, late Indus Valley Civilization period starts
YearDateEvent
1800 BCEAdichanallur urn-burial site in Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu. In 2004, a number of skeletons dating from around 3,800 years ago.

Iron Age India

YearDateEvent
1700 BCEBrihadratha also known as Maharatha, was the initiator of the Brihadratha dynasty, the earliest ruling dynasty of Magadha according to the Puranas.
Jarasandha was the son of Brihadratha and became the 2nd ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding his father.
1665 BCESahadeva of Magadha became the 3rd ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Jarasandha.
1661 BCESomadhi became the 4th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Sahadeva of Magadha.
1603 BCESrutasravas became the 5th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Somadhi.
YearDateEvent
1539 BCEAyutayus became the 6th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Srutasravas
1503 BCENiramitra became the 7th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Ayutayus
YearDateEvent
1500 BCEEarly Vedic period (to 1000 BCE)
1463 BCESukshatra became the 8th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Niramitra.
1405 BCEBrihatkarman became the 9th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Sukshatra.
YearDateEvent
1400 BCEGopala Dynasty established by Gopa
1382 BCESenajit became the 10th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Brihatkarman
1332 BCESrutanjaya became the 11th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Senajit
YearDateEvent
1300 BCECemetery H culture comes to an end
1300 BCEEnd of late Indus Valley Civilization period
1292 BCEVipra became the 12th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Srutanjaya
1280 BCEPundravardhana Kingdom was established sometime before 1280 BCE.
1257 BCESuchi became the 13th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Vipra
YearDateEvent
1200 BCERigveda Codified. Kuru Kingdom Established.
1199 BCEKshemya became the 14th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Suchi
1171 BCESubrata became the 15th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Kshemya
1107 BCEDharma became the 16th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Subrata
YearDateEvent
1043 BCEDharma stepped down as the 16th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha.
1008 BCESusuma became the 17th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Dharma
YearDateEvent
1000 BCEMiddle and Late Vedic period (to 500 BCE)
1000 – 300 BCEKanchi district, gold mine of Megalithic sites in Tamil Nadu, South India[21]
1000- 900 BCEKingdom of the Videhas was established.
1000- 900 BCEPañcāla Kingdom was established.
970 BCEDridhasena became the 18th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Susuma
912 BCESumati became the 19th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Dridhasena
YearDateEvent
879 BCESubala became the 20th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Sumati
877 BCEBirth of Parsvanatha, 23rd Jain Tirthankara (traditional date)
857 BCESunita became the 21st ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Subala
841 BCEGopala Dynasty was de-established.
817 BCESatyajit became the 22nd ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Sunita
YearDateEvent
767 BCEViswajit became the 23rd ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Satyajit
732 BCERipunjaya became the 24th and the last ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Viswajit.
YearDateEvent
700 BCEThe Upanishads, a sacred text of Hinduism, are written.
700 BCEKingdom of Kosala was established. Kosala belonged to the Northern Black Polished Ware culture (c. 700–300 BCE).[22]
YearDateEvent
600 BCESixteen Maha Janapadas ("Great Realms" or "Great Kingdoms") emerge.
The Chola, Pandya, and Chera dynasties are established.
The capital of the Early Pandyan Kingdom was initially Korkai, all around 600 BCE, and was later moved to Koodal (now Madurai) during the reign of Nedunjeliyan I.
599 BCEMahavira of the 24th Tirthankara is born. This turns out to become the most famous wave of Jainism.
563 BCESiddhārtha Gautama, Buddha-to-be, is born in Lumbini into a leading royal family in the republic of the Shakyas, which is now part of Nepal.
543 BCEThe Vanga-based Prince Vijaya (c. 543 BCE) married a daughter of the Pandyan king of Madurai, to whom he was sending rich presents every year. Sinhala chronicle Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Sri Lanka mentions this event[citation needed]
538 BCECyrus the Great, founder of the Persian Achaemenid Empire reached up to northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent, today's Afghanistan, which later proved to be his nemesis and caused his death.
527 BCENirvana of Mahavira,
c. 525 BCEKuru Kingdom was de-established.[23]
YearDateEvent
c. 500 BCEThe Vedic period ends.
483 BCEProposed Mahaparinirvana date of Gautama Buddha at Kushinagar.
YearDateEvent
400 BCESiddhartha Gautama 'Buddha' of the Shakya polity in South Nepal, founds Buddhism (older date: 563–483 BCE)
350 BCEPāṇini, labelled as the father of linguistics, a resident of Gandhara, describes the grammar and morphology of Sanskrit in the text Aṣṭādhyāyī. Pāṇini's standardized Sanskrit is known as Classical Sanskrit.
333 BCEPersian rule in the northwest ends after Darius III is defeated by Alexander the Great, who establishes the Macedonian Empire after inheriting the Persian Achaemenid Empire.
326 BCEAmbhi king of Takshila surrenders to Alexander.
MayPorus who ruled parts of the Punjab, fought Alexander at the Battle of the Hydaspes.
321 BCEMaurya Empire is founded by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha after he defeats the Nanda dynasty and Macedonian Seleucid Empire. Mauryan capital city is Pataliputra (Modern Patna in Bihar)
305 BCEChandragupta Maurya defeats Seleucus I Nicator of the Seleucid Empire.
304 BCESeleucus gives up his territories in the subcontinent (Afghanistan/Baluchistan) to Chandragupta in exchange for 500 elephants. Seleucus offers his daughter in marriage to Chandragupta to seal their friendship.

Classical India

YearDateEvent
290–270 BCEPingala, ancient Indian mathematician and poet writes the Chandaḥśāstra (also called the Pingala-sutras), which presents the description of a binary numeral system for prosody. He described meters in the form of short and long syllables.
273 BCEAshoka the Great regarded as the greatest ancient Indian emperor, grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, ascends as emperor of the Maurya Empire.
266 BCEAshoka conquers and unifies most of Indian subcontinent, along with most of Afghanistan and Balochistan.
265 BCEKalinga War takes place between Ashoka and the kingdom of Kalinga.
After conquering Kalinga, Ashoka who recently converted into buddhism and made it a quasi-official state religion of the Mouryan Empire, reportedly regrets what he has done and relinquishes violence.
261 BCEConquest of Kalinga
260 BCEAshoka inscribes the Edicts of Ashoka, written down using Brahmi script. The Edicts describe his Buddhist religious views and his commitment to the welfare of his subjects.
232 BCEAshoka dies and is succeeded by Kunala.
230 BCESimuka declares independence from Mauryan rule and establishes the Satavahana Empire.
YearDateEvent
200 BCEKuninda Kingdom is established.
Tolkāppiyam describes the grammar and morphology of Tamil; it is the oldest existing Tamil grammar (dates vary between 200 BCE and 100 CE).
Indo-Greek Kingdom (also known as the Yavana Kingdom) is established. It was a Hellenistic-era Greek kingdom covering various parts of Afghanistan and the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent (parts of modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India). The kingdom was founded when the Graeco-Bactrian king Demetrius (and later Eucratides) invaded India from Bactria in 200 BCE. During its existence, the kingdom was ruled over by 30 successive kings, with Menander I being the most famous Indo-Greek king.
184 BCEThe Mauryan Empire, declines
165/155 BCEMenander I becomes the king of the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Menander is noted for having become a patron and convert to Greco-Buddhism and he is widely regarded as the greatest of the Indo-Greek kings.
YearDateEvent
100 BCEBirth of Charaka,[24] ancient Indian physician who writes the Charaka Samhita, an ancient text that describes theories on human body, etiology, symptomology and therapeutics for a wide range of diseases and is based on the Agnivesha Samhitā.
65 BCEThe Pandyan king sends ambassadors to the Greek and Roman lands.
58 BCEBeginning of Vikram Era
1 BCEFall of the Indo-Greek Kingdom.
YearDateEvent
35Western Satraps formed.
52St. Thomas arrives in Muziris (modern-day North Paravur and Kodungalloor in Kerala State, India).
68Establishment of the Kushan Empire by Kujula Kadphises.
79Gautamiputra Satakarni becomes Satavahana emperor and starts Shalivahana era calendar after defeating Scythian king Maues.
100 or afterSugar was first produced from sugarcane plants in northern India sometime after the first century.[25]
YearDateEvent
113Vima Kadphises becomes the ruler of the Kushan Empire. He was the Kushan Emperor to first introduce gold coinage, in addition to the existing silver and copper coinage.
127Kanishka ascends the throne of the Kushan Empire, succeeding Vima Kadphises. Under his reign, the Kushan Empire reached its zenith.
YearDateEvent
240Sri-Gupta starts the Gupta Empire in Magadha, with its capital in Pataliputra
250The Vakataka Dynasty in the Deccan is formed by Vindyashakti. He rules until 275.
275The Pallava dynasty is established
Pravarasena ascends the throne of the Vakataka Dynasty, expanding his empire. He was the first Vakataka ruler who called himself a Samrat, or emperor. He is perhaps the only emperor in his dynasty.
YearDateEvent
320Chandragupta I ascends the Gupta throne.
335Samudragupta ascends the Gupta throne and expands the empire.
345Kadamba Kingdom established by Mayurasharma, Banavasi as its capital and they were the first kingdom to use Kannada in administration.
380Chandragupta II, Samudragupta's son becomes the Gupta Emperor.
390Prabhavatigupta, a Gupta Princess who was the daughter of Chandragputa II, becomes the regent of the Vakataka dynasty after the death of her husband Rudrasena II, effectively ruling the Vakatakas until 410.
YearDateEvent
413Kumaragupta I, Adopted the title of Mahendraditya.
455Skandagupta, Faced Hunas effectively.
467Invasions by the Huna.

Pallavas became a major power during the reign of Mahendravarman I (571 – 630 CE)

475Harishena takes over the Vakataka Dynasty. He was a great patron of Buddhist Art. The World Heritage monument Ajanta Caves is a surviving example of his works.
476Birth of Aryabhata, ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer who goes on to write the Aryabhatiya, a Sanskrit astronomical treatise and the Arya-siddhanta.
YearDateEvent
502Mihirakula becomes the ruler of the Alchon Huns. He was the second and last of the Alchon Huns. He was considered to be an extremely violent and cruel ruler. He destroyed many Buddhist monasteries in his kingdom.
528Confederation of Indian rulers Yashodharman, Narasimhagupta and Adityavardhana defeat the Huna emperor Mihirakula in the Battle of Sondani.
528–540Yashodharman conquers vast territories from the Hunas and Guptas after the Battle of Sondani, and establishes the short-lived Aulikara Empire
554Collapse of Gupta Empire after the death of Vishnugupta.
573Varāhamihira, ancient Indian astrologer, astronomer, and polymath writes the Pañcasiddhāntikā, a treatise on mathematical astronomy which summarises five earlier astronomical treatises by five authors.
YearDateEvent
606Harsha crowned Monarch.
628Ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer Brahmagupta completes the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta, a text on mathematical astronomy explaining the role of zero, rules for manipulating both negative and positive numbers, a method for computing square roots, methods of solving linear and quadratic equations, and rules for summing series, Brahmagupta's identity, and Brahmagupta's theorem. Brahmagupta also first describes gravity as an attractive force, and uses the term "gurutvākarṣaṇam (गुरुत्वाकर्षणम्)]" in Sanskrit to describe it.[26]
637Badami Chalukya power at its peak. Pulakeshin II pushes north up to the Narmada and defeats the invading Harshavardhana of Kanauj
647Death of Harsha
665Ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer Brahmagupta completes the astronomical treatise Khandakhadyaka covering topics such as the longitudes of the planets, diurnal rotation, lunar and solar eclipses, risings and settings, the moon's crescent and conjunctions of the planets.

Medieval India

YearDateEvent
700According to the Qissa-i Sanjan, the immigrants Parsi are granted permission to stay by the local ruler Jadi Rana
711Arab commander of the Umayyad Caliphate, Muhammad bin Qasim defeats Raja Dahir, king of Sindh Region in modern-day Pakistan
728Narasimhavarman II of the Pallava dynasty constructs the Shore Temple of Mamallapuram
736Delhi is re-established by Bilan Deo Tomar also known as Anangpal Tomar
738Confederacy of Indian kings consisting of Nagabhata I of Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty and Bappa Rawal, ruler of Mewar defeat Arab Umayyad Caliphate invasion attempts in the Battle of Rajasthan (738 CE)
739Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin of the Chalukyas of Navasarika kingdom defeats an invasion attempt by the Arab Umayyad Caliphate.[27]
753Establishment of Rashtrakuta Kingdom of Manyakhet by Dantidurga by defeating Chalukyas of Badami
753Saindhava naval fleet defeats Arab naval fleet sent by the Arab governor of Sindh.
776Saindhava naval fleet under Agguka I defeats second Arab naval expedition.[28][29]
788Birth of Adi Shankara
YearDateEvent
800Vikramashila University is established by the Pala emperor Dharmapala in present-day Bhagalpur district in Bihar, in early 9th century
814Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I becomes Rashtrakuta emperor. Kannada literature flourishes.
836Gurjara-Pratihara (to 910)
YearDateEvent
935Chandrapur University established in 935 CE by Srichandra, a ruler of the Chandra dynasty
985Rajaraja Chola ascends to the throne of Chola empire. He expands the empire to Sri Lanka and to the north to include Kalinga kingdom
993Rajaraja Chola invades Sri Lanka and captures the northern half of Sri Lanka.
YearDateEvent
1000Invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni Begins (1000–1025 CE)
1003–1010The Brihadisvara Temple is built by Raja Raja Chola I.
1014Rajaraja Chola adds the Lakshadweep and Maldives islands to the Chola empire.[30]
Rajendra Chola I became the king of Chola empire after his father Rajaraja Chola. During his reign, he extended the influences of the already vast Chola empire up to the banks of the river Ganges in the north and across the ocean. Rajendra's territories extended coastal Burma, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Maldives, conquered the kings of Srivijaya (Sumatra, Java and Malay Peninsula in South East Asia) and Pegu islands with his fleet of ships. He defeated Mahipala, the Pala king of Bengal and Bihar, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital called Gangaikonda Cholapuram. The Cholas became one of the most powerful dynasties in Asia during his reign. The Tamil Chola armies exacted tribute from Thailand and the Khmer kingdom of Cambodia. Rajendra Chola I was the first Indian king to take his armies overseas and make conquests of these territories, even though there is epigraphical evidence of Pallava presence in these very areas.
1014Mahmud Ghazni defeats the Hindu Shahi king Trilochanapala and annexes Punjab.

He then attempts to invade Kashmir, but is defeated by Sangramaraja

1017al-Biruni travelled to the Indian subcontinent
101726 AprilRamanuja is born at Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu.
1021Mahmud of Ghazni again attempts to invade Kashmir, but is defeated by Samgrāmarāja
102530 AprilLast invasion of Mahmud Ghazni, sacked and destroyed temple of Somnath
1027The Sun Temple of Modhera is completed by Bhima I of the Chaulukya dynasty
103030 AprilDeath of Mahmud of Ghazni
103315 JuneSuhaldev, king of Shravasti defeats and kills Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud, nephew of Mahmud of Ghazni.
1035The Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram is built by Rajendra Chola I.
1058Soomra dynasty ends the Arab domination and establishes its own rule over Sindh.
YearDateEvent
1120Kalyani Chalukyas power at its peak. Vikramaditya VI ushers in Vikrama Chalukya era.
1121Ajayaraja II, of the Chahamanas of Shakambhari dynasty repulse Ghaznavid invasions.
1134Life of Basaveshwara, philosopher and social reformer. (to 1196)
114930 SeptemberBirth of the Great poet and writer of India Chand Baradai in Lahore
1150Bhāskara II, mathematician and astronomer writes the Siddhānta Shiromani, consisting of three books Līlāvatī on arithmetic and measurement, Bijaganita on algebra and Gaṇitādhyāya and Golādhyāya on astronomy.
1157The Kalachuris of Kalyani under Bijjala II capture Kalyani
1175Muhammad of Ghor invades India.[31]
1178Forces of the Chaulukya king Mularaja II led by his regent mother Naikidevi defeat Ghurid invaders led by Muhammad of Ghor who escapes back to Ghazni, in the Battle of Kasahrada.
1191First Battle of Tarain between Mohammed Ghori and Prithviraj III. Ghori is defeated by Prithivi Raj Chauhan III.
1192Second Battle of Tarain fought between Muhammed Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan III. Prithviraj Chauhan III is defeated by Mohammed Ghori.
1193Muslim general Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji destroys the ancient university of Vikramashila
1194Battle of Chandawar fought between Muhammad of Ghor and Jaichand of Kannauj. Ghori defeated Jayachandra and killed him.
YearDateEvent
120615 MarchKhokhars killed Muhammad Ghori during a raid on his camp on the Jhelum River, marking the end of 14 years of Ghurid rule over northern India (1192–1206).
120612 JuneQutb ud-Din Aibak establishes slave dynasty (Mamluk) later to be known as Delhi Sultanate, beginning 320 years rule over India (1206–1526).
1206Raja Prithu defeats Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji, destroying his army of 12,000 with only about 100 survivors.[32][33]
1210Qutb ud-Din Aibak died while playing polo.
1210Shams ud-Din Iltutmish, the third ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, belonging to the Mamluk dynasty (slave dynasty), introduced IQTA (tax, revenue) system. Died in 1236.
1211–1215Anangabhima Deva III of the Eastern Ganga dynasty in present-day Odisha defeats invasions by Ghiyāth ad-Dīn ʿIwaz Khalji the ruler of Bengal.[34]
1221Genghis Khan invades Punjab in pursuit of the fleeing Khwarezm Shah Jalal al-Din Mangburni and defeats him in the Battle of the Indus.
1226Raja Prithu repulses invading forces of Ghiyas ud din Balban the ninth sultan of the Mamluk dynasty of Delhi, in present-day Assam[32][33]
1229Sandhya (ruler of Kamarupa) in present-day Assam drives Muslims out of his territory and captures territory till Karatoya river. Thereafter, to avenge previous defeats, he invades the western border of Gaur (Lakhnauti) and annexes regions across the Karatoya into his kingdom.
1236Narasingha Deva I ruler of the Eastern Ganga dynasty in present-day Odisha launches attacks against the Turko-Afghan rulers of Mamluk dynasty in Bengal that had captured Bihar and Bengal and not only repulses their attacks, but pushes them as far back as Padma River in current-day Bangladesh.[34]
123610 NovemberRule of Razia Sultana – Daughter of Iltutmish.
1238OctoberSri Madhwacharya born in Pajaka near Udupi, Karnataka
124014 OctoberMurder of Razia Sultan by Turkish nobles.(Chalisa)
1243Narasingha Deva I ruler of the Eastern Ganga dynasty defeats Tughral Tughan Khan of the Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi in the Battle of Katasin and annexes several districts of Bengal into his empire.
1246–66Rule of Nasiruddin Mahmud with support of Balban (Wazir and powerful member of Chalisa). Chalisa- a council of 40 members
1250The Konark Sun Temple is completed, built by Narasingha Deva I.
1257The Kamrup kingdom, led by its ruler Sandhya defeats and executes Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Yuzbak, the Mamluk Governor of Bengal. His domains are split between the Kamrup kingdom and Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Empire.
1266–1286Rule of Balban; Chalisa wiped out.
1267The Mahanubhava philosophy established by Chakradhar Swami.
1275Birth of saint Dnyaneshwar.
1290Murder of Muiz ud din Qaiqabad by Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji, an army commander.
1290–96Jalal-ud-din Khilji. Founder of Khiliji Dynasty
YearDateEvent
1309Alauddin Khalji sends Malik Kafur to South. Malik Kafur Lays siege on the Kakatiya Capital Warangal and Extracts Tribute. The diamond Kohinoor was among the loot collected.
1310Ala-ud-din Khilji's army under Malik Kafur occupies Devagiri ending the Seuna Yadava Kingdom
1311Malik Kafur attacks the Hoyasalas. In the aftermath of the destruction Hoyasalas abandon the old capital Halebidu. He later attacks Madurai. The attacks on Warangal, Halebidu and Madurai is accompanied by wide scale killing, destruction of temples and repatriation of wealth back to Delhi.
1323Ulugh Khan (Muhammad bin Tughluq) defeats Prataparudra II ending the Kakatiya dynasty
1333Prithvi Chand II of the Hindu Katoch kingdom of Kangra defeats the army of Muhammad bin Tughluq who loses nearly all his 10,000 soldiers and is forced to retreat.[35]
1334Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka with assistance from the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala III leads a rebellion against the Tughluq rule of Delhi Sultanate, driving it out of Warangal region in present-day Telangana.
1336Vijayanagara Empire established by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I.
Rana of Mewar Hammir Singh defeats and captures Tughlaq dynasty ruler Muhammad bin Tughluq in the Battle of Singoli.
1340Birth of great mathematician Madhava of Sangamagrama who goes on to found the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics and write the Venvaroha, which describes the methods for the computation of the true positions of the Moon at intervals of about half an hour for various days in an anomalistic cycle.
1343Veera Ballala III captured and killed in the Battle of Kannanur.
1347Governor Hasan Gangu revolts against Muhammad bin Tughluq founding the Bahmani Sultanate
1351Samma Dynasty assumes rule over Sindh
1370Bukka, the Vijayanagara ruler and his son Kumara Kamapna capture the entire Tamil speaking parts.
1398Timur plunders Lahore
YearDateEvent
1401Dilawar Khan establishes the Malwa Sultanate in present-day northern India
1407Zafar Khan: governor of Gujarat, declares himself as Sultan Muzaffar Shah founding the Gujarat Sultanate/Muzaffarid dynasty
1414Khizr Khan, deputized by Timur to be the governor of Multan takes over Delhi founding the Sayyid dynasty
1424Deva Raya II succeeded his father Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya as monarch of the Vijayanagara Empire
1437Rana Kumbha of Mewar and Rao Ranmal Rathore of Marwar defeat and take prisoner Mahmud Khalji, Sultan of the Malwa Sultanate in the Battle of Sarangpur
1442Rana Kumbha of Mewar defeats Mahmud Khalji in the Battle of Mandalgarh
1443Abdur Razzaq visits India
1446Rana Kumbha of Mewar defeats Mahmud Khalji in the Battle of Banas
Mallikarjuna Raya succeeds his father Deva Raya II
144926 SeptemberSankardev, founder of Ekasarana Dharma was born in Nagaon, Assam.
1450Shri Guru Ravidas Ji was born in 1450 in Varanasi. He was an Indian mystic poet-sant of the Bhakti movement during the 15th to 16th century CE. Venerated as a guru in the region of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, the devotional songs of Ravidas have had a lasting impact upon the bhakti movement.
145119 AprilBahlul Khan Lodhi ascends the throne of the Delhi sultanate starting the Lodhi dynasty
1456Rana Kumbha of Mewar defeats the combined armies of Shams Khan (sultan of Nagaur) and Qutbuddin Ahmad Shah II (Sultan of Gujarat) in the Battle of Nagaur and captures Nagaur, Kasili, Khandela and Shakambhari. Nagaur Sultanate ceases to exist.
146915 AprilGuru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism is born
148314 FebruaryBirth of Babur in Andijan, Fergana Valley in Central Asia
1485Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya drives out Praudha Raya ending the Sangama Dynasty
1486Advent of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, founder of Gaudiya Vaishnavism and leader of the world's first civil disobedience movement, in Navadwip, West Bengal
1490Ahmadnagar declares independence, followed by Bijapur and Berar in the same year thus breaking up the Bahmani Sultanate.
149230 MarchSatal Rathore of Marwar kills Afghan warlord Gudhla Khan in the Battle of Peepar, to rescue 140 girls abducted by the Afghans. He later succumbs to injuries sustained in the battle.
149820 MayVasco de Gama was the first portage's sailor first voyage from Europe to India and back (in 1499)
YearDateEvent
1503Kingdom of Cochin is taken over by the Portuguese creating the first European settlement in India.
1505Portuguese India is established, and would last until 1961.
15083 FebruaryThe Christian-Islamic power struggle in Europe and the Middle East. Spills over into the Indian Ocean as Battle of Chaul during the Portuguese-Mamluk War
15093 FebruaryBattle of Diu marks the beginning of the dominance of the Europeans in the Asian naval theater.
1518Kingdom of Mewar under Rana Sanga defeats Lodi Empire under Ibrahim Lodhi in the Battle of Khatoli, gains control over north eastern Rajasthan.
1519Kingdom of Mewar under Rana Sanga defeats the Malwa Sultanate and the Gujarat Sultanate in the Battle of Gagron, obtains control of Malwa.
The Kingdom of Mewar under Rana Sanga again defeats Lodi Empire under Ibrahim Lodi in the Battle of Dholpur, extends control up to Agra.
1520Vijayanagara Empire under Krishnadevaraya defeats the Sultanate of Bijapur in the Battle of Raichur.
Rana Sanga leads a coalition of Rajput armies to invade the Gujarat Sultanate, reinstates Raimal as the Rao of Idar. The Sultan of Gujarat is forced to flee to Muhammadabad.
The mystic poet-sant of the Bhakti movement, Shri Guru Ravidas, dies.
1522The Portuguese land on the Coromandel Coast.
1523Portuguese explorers established Santhome Church above the Tomb of Saint Thomas the Apostle in Chennai.
152621 AprilSultan Ibrahim Lodi, of the Delhi Sultanate, angers local nobles, who respond by inviting Babur, the Mughal ruler of Kabul, to invade Delhi and Agra. The local population, plus the possession of artillery, assists Babur in killing the Sultan (whose soldiers desert him) at the Battle of Panipat. Marks the Beginning of Mughal Empire for 331 Years Rule Over India (1526–1757) CE.
152717 MarchBabur defeats Rana Sanga of Mewar in the Battle of Khanwa.
1530Astronomer-mathematician Jyeṣṭhadeva of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics writes the Yuktibhāṣā, a major treatise on mathematics and astronomy in Malayalam
28 March,27 JanuaryBabur[7] completes his Baburnama, reflecting on society, politics, economics, history, geography, nature, flora and fauna, which to this day is a standard textbook in 25 countries. Babur dies, and is succeeded by his son Humayun.
1532Ahoms under king Suhungmung defeat Turbak Khan of the Bengal Sultanate in Battle of Hatbor.
1539Battle of Chausa fought between Humayun and Sher Shah Suri in which Humayun defeated.
Guru Angad Dev becomes second guru of Sikhs.
154018 SeptemberBattle of Kannauj fought between Humayun and Sher Shah Suri and Humayun was completely defeated. Humayun lost the Mughal empire to Afghans (Suri Dynasty), and passed 12 years in exile.
9 MayMaharana Pratap Singh of Mewar (son of Maharana Udai Singh II) is born.
154215 OctoberAkbar is born at Umerkot.
154522 MayDeath of Sher Shah Suri and succeeded by Islam Shah Suri.
155226 MarchGuru Amar Das becomes third Guru of Sikhs.
155422 NovemberIslam Shah Suri dies.
155522 MayHumayun regained the throne of Delhi from the hands of weak successors of Sher Shah after Battle of Sirhind.
155627 JanuaryHumayun dies, and is succeeded by his son Akbar.
7 OctoberHindu king Hemu defeats Mughal forces in the Battle of Tughlaqabad
5 NovemberHindu king Hemu establishes his raj in North India and bestowed with title of Vikramaditya.He was defeated at the Second Battle of Panipat by Akbar and Bairam Khan's forces.
156526 JanuaryBattle of Talikota results in the rout of Vijayanagara empire.
1568Paradesi Synagogue, the first Jewish synagogue in India constructed by the Paradesi Jews.
1572Akbar annexes Gujarat, also shifts the Mughal capital to Fatehpur Sikri where a new township and citadel containing buildings of a unique all-India character—inspired by the architecture of Bengal, Gujarat, Malwa, Kashmir as well as the Timurid world—is born.
15741 SeptemberGuru Ram Das becomes fourth Guru of Sikhs.
Akbar annexes Bengal.
15811 SeptemberGuru Arjan Dev becomes fifth Guru of Sikhs.
1582Maharana Pratap defeats Mughal governor in Battle of Dewair in present-day Rajasthan[36]
15866 OctoberAkbar annexes Kashmir.
1589Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) build in Amritsar by Guru Arjan
160031 DecemberEast India Company is formed in England. Gets exclusive trading rights with India.
YearDateEvent
1602Dutch came to India at Pulicut (back to 1825).
160527 OctoberAkbar dies, and is succeeded by his son Jahangir.
160625 MayGuru Hargobind is selected to becomes the sixth guru of Sikhs by Guru Arjan
30 MayGuru Arjan is tortured and killed under orders of Mughal Emperor Jahangir for refusing to convert to Islam.
161230 NovemberBritish India (to 1947)
24 AugustEast India Company enters into a trade agreement with the Mughal Emperor Jahangir
1616Susenghphaa, ruler of the Ahom kingdom defeats Mughal forces in a land and naval battle at Bharali, Assam.[37]
1621Sikhs army led by Guru Hargobind defeat Mughals in the Battle of Rohilla
1628Jahangir announces "Chain of Justice" outside his palace that anyone can ring the bell and get a personal hearing with the emperor. Jahangir dies, and is succeeded by his son Shah Jahan.
163019 FebruaryBirth of Shivaji.
1634Sikhs armies led by Guru Hargobind defeat Mughal armies in the Battle of Amritsar (1634) and Battle of Lahira.
163525 AprilSikhs army led by Guru Hargobind defeat a Mughal army in the Battle of Kartarpur
16448 MarchGuru Har Rai becomes seventh guru of Sikhs
1640Rani Karnavati of the Garhwal Kingdom repels and defeats invasion attempt by Mughal army of Shah Jahan.[38]
1658Shah Jahan completes Taj Mahal, Jama Masjid, and Red Fort. Imperial treasuries drained by architectural and military overexpenditures. Shah Jahan put under house arrest, and is succeeded by his son Aurangzeb.
165919 FebruaryShivaji's ill-equipped and small Maratha army defeat numerically much larger Adilshahi troops at the Battle of Pratapgarh marking the first victory of the Maratha Kingdom. Shivaji personally kills Adilshahi commander Afzal Khan (general).
27 DecemberMarathas under Shivaji defeat the Adilshahi troops in the Battle of Kolhapur
166013 JulyMaratha army of 600 defeats a much larger army of the Bijapur Sultanate of 10,000 in the Battle of Pavan Khind, near the city of Kolhapur.
16613 FebruaryMarathas under Shivaji defeat Mughal Empire forces in the Battle of Umberkhind.
6 OctoberGuru Har Krishan becomes eight guru of Sikhs.
16646–10 JanuaryMarathas under Shivaji defeat Mughal Empire forces in the Battle of Surat.
166513 FebruaryShivaji conducts a raid on the Portuguese colony in Basrur and gains a large booty which enables him to strengthen the base of his new kingdom by building a strong navy and forts.
20 MarchGuru Tegh Bahadur becomes ninth Guru of Sikhs.
11 JuneTreaty of Purandar (1665) (or पुरंदर चा तह) was signed between Shivaji and the Rajput ruler Jai Singh I.
166928 NovemberJats defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Tilpat takes control of Mathura
16704 FebruaryMarathas under Shivaji capture the fort of Sinhagad (then known as Kondhana) from the Mughals in the Battle of Sinhagad.
1671Ahom kingdom defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Saraighat, takes back control of Guwahati
Chhatrasal revolts against the Mughal Empire with an army of only 5 horsemen and 25 swordsmen. In ten years he conquers a large tract of land between Chitrakoot, Chhatarpur and Panna in the east and Gwalior in the west, and from Kalpi in the north to Sagar, Garhakota, Shahgarh and Damoh in the south.
1672FebruaryMaratha forces under Prataprao Gujar defeat a Mughal army twice its size in the Battle of Salher
16746 JuneShivaji is crowned Chhatrapati.
16756 MayMarathas defeat the Bijapur Sultanate and capture the Fortress of Ponda after the Siege of Ponda
24 NovemberGuru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Guru of Sikhs is tortured and executed in Delhi by the order of Aurangzeb for his support for the Kashmiri Hindus to practice their religion and for refusing to convert to Islam.

Guru Gobind Singh becomes tenth Guru of Sikhs.

16803 AprilShivaji dies of fever at Raigad.
20 JulySambhaji becomes 2nd Chhatrapati of the Maratha Kingdom
Kingdom of Venad defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Manacaud
1681Aurangzeb invades the Deccan
31 January – 2 FebruaryMaratha ruler Sambhaji attacks and sacks the Mughal city Burhanpur
1682AugustAhom kingdom defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Itakhuli, takes back control of Kamrup region
1684Marathas under Sambhaji repel a Mughal attempt to invade Konkan. Mughals are forced into a slow retreat and suffer great losses.
168716 DecemberMarathas under Sambhaji defeat the Mughal Army in the Battle of Wai. However, Maratha General Hambirrao Mohite is killed.
1688The Sikandara was plundered by Rajaram Jat. Even the skeleton of Akbar, was taken out and the bones were consumed to flames.
168911 MarchAfter being ambushed and captured by the Mughals, Sambhaji is tortured and killed for refusing to convert to Islam.

Rajaram I becomes the third Chhatrapati of the Maratha Kingdom.

1690Maratha Kingdom defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Athani
1691Joint forces of Bhim Chand (Kahlur) of Bilaspur and Guru Gobind Singh defeat Mughal army in the Battle of Nadaun.
1692DecemberMaratha General Santaji Ghorpade defeats Mughal General Alimardan Khan and captures him.

Mughal army under Zulfikhar Ali Khan defeated by Santaji and Dhanaji Jadhav and Zulfiquar Khan is forced to sue King Rajaram for peace

169321 NovemberMaratha General Santaji Ghorpade defeats Mughal General Himmat Khan.
169520 NovemberMaratha General Santaji Ghorpade defeats and kills Mughal General Kasim Khan.
1696Sikhs under Guru Gobind Singh defeat Mughal forces in the Battle of Guler (1696)
20 NovemberDanish India (to 1869)
16993 OctoberGuru Gobind Singh, the 10th Guru of Sikhs creates Khalsa, the saint-soldier at Anandpur Sahib, Punjab.
YearDateEvent
1700Sikhs army of 1000 under Guru Gobind Singh defeats Mughal army numbering 10,000 in the Battle of Anandpur (1700)
3 MarchRajaram I dies. The infant Shivaji II becomes the Chhatrapati of the Maratha Kingdom, with his mother Tarabai as the regent. She continues the Maratha battles against the Mughal Empire, leading the Maratha army herself.
1702Sikhs army under Guru Gobind Singh defeats Mughal army in the Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702)
170713 FebruaryBirth of Suraj Mal son of Badan Singh
3 MarchDeath of Aurangzeb the Mughal emperor. Marks the end of Mughal Territorial Expansion over India.
17087 OctoberGuru Gobind Singh is assassinated by Mughals and the Guru Granth Sahib becomes the eternal Guru of the Sikhs.
171012 MaySikh army under Banda Singh Bahadur defeats Mughal Empire in the Battle of Chappar Chiri and establishes Sikh rule from Lahore to Delhi.
1717Meitei king Pamheipa (Gharib Nawaz (Manipur)) introduces Hinduism as the state religion and changes the name of the kingdom to the Sanskrit Manipur.
1721March – OctoberAttingal Outbreak takes place
13–14 NovemberMadras cyclone occurs
1720Bajirao I appointed by Shahu as Peshwa (prime minister) who would later expand the Maratha Kingdom.
1724Meitei king Gharib Nawaz of the Ningthouja dynasty invades Burma.
172828 FebruaryBajirao I defeats the combined forces of the Mughal Empire and the Nizam of Hyderabad in the Battle of Palkhed
1729MarchMaratha Kingdom under Bajirao defeats Mughal Empire, in response for an appeal for help from Chhatrasal, ruler of Bundelkhand in the Battle of Bundelkhand
1731Maratha Kingdom under Bajirao defeats Mughal Empire and Maratha rebel factions in the Battle of Dabhoi
173716 MarchMarathas under Bajirao I defeat the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Delhi (1737)
24 DecemberMarathas defeat a combined army of the Mughal Empire, Nizam of Hyderabad, Nawab of Awadh and Nawabs of Bhopal in the Battle of Bhopal
173917 February – 16 MayMarathas under Bajirao I defeat the Portuguese in the Battle of Vasai, Portuguese army and administration pulled out of Baçaim (Vasai).
MarchNader Shah invades India from Iran. Nader Shah captures and sacks Delhi.
1740MayRaghoji I Bhonsle of the Maratha Confederacy defeats and kills Dost Ali Khan the Mughal Nawab of Arcot in the Battle of Damalcherry.[39]
174126 MarchMaratha army defeats the Nawab of Carnatic and captures Trichinopoly after the Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)
10 AugustKingdom of Travancore under Marthanda Varma defeats the Dutch Empire in the Battle of Colachel.
175310 MayJats under Suraj Mal defeat the Mughal Empire in the Capture of Delhi (1753)
15 AugustTreaty of Mavelikkara signed between the Kingdom of Travancore and the Dutch East India Company, effectively ending the political and commercial dominance of the Dutch on the Kerala coast and beginning of the end of Dutch influence in India.
175420 January – 18 MayBharatpur State defeat the Marathas in Battle of Kumher.
1756Black Hole of Calcutta infamous incident where soldiers of East India Company were held hostage in tortuous conditions, later served as a precedent for the Battle of Plassey
175716 JanuaryMaratha Confederacy defeats Durrani Empire, in the Battle of Narela.
23 JuneBritish East India Company defeats the Nawab of Bengal in the Battle of Plassey, marking the End of Islamic period of 565 Years over India (1192–1757) & beginning of British conquests in India.
11 AugustMaratha Confederacy defeats Rohilla Afghans in the Battle of Delhi (1757), captures Delhi.
175712 FebruaryJats under Suraj Mal defeat Durrani Empire, in the Battle of Bharatpur.
Third Carnatic War.[40]
175828 April
Maratha Confederacy led by Raghunathrao and Mahadaji Shinde defeats Durrani Empire in the Battle of Attock (1758), captures Attock.
8 MayMaratha Confederacy led by Raghunathrao, Malhar Rao Holkar and Tukoji Rao Holkar defeats Durrani Empire in the Battle of Peshawar (1758), captures Peshawar.
1759French India (to 1954)
Maratha Confederacy supported by Sikh Sukerchakia Misl defeats Durrani Empire in the Battle of Lahore (1759)
17603 JanuaryMarathas comprehensively defeat the Nizam in the Battle of Udgir.

Maratha Confederacy reaches its zenith.

22 JanuaryBattle of Wandiwash, British troops beat French
1761JanuaryThe Marathas are routed in the Third Battle of Panipat on 14 January 1761, by the Afghans led by Ahmad Shah Durrani, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali. The battle is considered one of the largest battles fought in the 18th century.
12 JuneCapture of Agra Fort by the Kingdom of Bharatpur led by king Suraj Mal, defeating the armies of the Mughal Empire and Rohilla Afghans
AugustThe Sukerchakia Misl of Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire) defeats the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Sialkot (1761)
SeptemberThe Sikh Confederacy defeats the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Gujranwala (1761)
17625 FebruaryVadda Ghalughara, the massacre of 30,000 Sikhs, mostly non-combatants, by the army of Ahmad Shah Durrani
MaySikh Misls under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia defeat the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Harnaulgarh
176310 AugustMaratha Confederacy led by Madhavrao I defeats the Nizam of Hyderabad in the Battle of Rakshasbhuvan and gains territory.
25 DecemberSuraj Mal dies
176426 FebruarySikh Misls under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia defeat the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Sirhind (1764) and capture Sirhind
22 OctoberBattle of Buxar (British victory against allied Mughal, Bengal and Oudh forces)
1765FebruaryKingdom of Bharatpur led by king Jawahar Singh defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Delhi (1764)
1767First Anglo-Mysore War begins, in which Hyder Ali of Mysore defeats the armies of the British East India Company.
1770Great Bengal famine of 1770, estimated to have caused the deaths of about 10 million people.[41] Warren Hastings's 1772 report estimated that a third of the population in the affected region starved to death. The famine is attributed to failed monsoon and exploitative policies of the East India Company.[42]
1771Marathas led by Mahadaji Shinde defeat Rohilla Afghans and re-capture Delhi and parts of North India, thus reasserting their supremacy in north India. As revenge for the losses in the Battle of Panipat, the Maratha army devastated Rohilkhand by looting and plundering and also took the members of royal family as captives.
177222 MayRam Mohan Roy Born (to 1833)
1773Narayanrao Peshwa is murdered by his uncle Raghunathrao's wife in front of Raghunathrao.
Regulating Act of 1773
Warren Hastings appointed as first Governor-General of Bengal
1774Chief Justice of the Maratha Confederacy, Ram Shastri passes death sentence against the ruling Peshwa Raghunathrao for murdering his nephew.
1775First Anglo-Maratha War
JuneAlliance of Shekhawat chieftains and Kingdom of Jaipur defeat the Mughal Empire supported by Baloch chieftains in the Battle of Mandan
1779Maratha sardar Mahadji Shinde routs the East India Company army at the Battle of Wadgaon. War ends with the restoration of status quo as per Treaty of Salbai.
1780Second Anglo-Mysore War begins.
1781Maratha Confederacy defeats forces of the British East India Company in the Battle of Bhorghat.
1784Second Anglo-Mysore War ends with the Treaty of Mangalore.
Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam, suffer extreme hardships, torture, death, forcibly converted to Sunni Islam. Of the 60,000–80,000 Christians taken captive, only 15,000–20,000 survive.
1786District collectors in Bengal were made responsible for settling the revenue and collecting it.
1787Maratha Confederacy defeats Tipu Sultan, the king of Mysore in the Maratha–Mysore War, resulting in the Treaty of Gajendragad. Tipu Sultan is forced to pay 4.8 million rupees as a war cost to the Marathas, an annual tribute of 1.2 million rupees and return all the territory captured by his father Hyder Ali
1789Third Anglo-Mysore War begins.
Tipu Sultan invades Malabar (present day Kerala), destroys a number of temples including the temples of Bhagamandala, Payyavoor, Ammakoottam Mahadevi temple and Thrikkadamba Sri.mahavishnu temple. Thousands are killed, women raped and populace forced to convert to Islam,
1790The Marathas under Holkar and General de Boigne defeat the Rajputs of Jaipur and Mughals at the Battle of Patan, where 3000+ Rajput cavalry is killed and the entire Mughal unit vanquished. The defeat crushes Rajput hope of independence from external influence
MayKingdom of Travancore defeats the Kingdom of Mysore in the Battle of Nedumkotta
1792Third Anglo-Mysore War ends.
1793Birth of Rani Rashmoni, one of the pioneers of the Bengali Renaissance.
179511 MarchMaratha Confederacy defeats the Nizam of Hyderabad in the Battle of Kharda, Nizam ceded territory.
13 AugustDeath of Ahilyabai Holkar
1796Ching-Thang Khomba moves Manipur's capital to Kangla
1798Fourth Anglo-Mysore War begins.
1799Fourth Anglo-Mysore War ends with the death of Tipu Sultan, the victory of the East India Company, and the restoration of their ally, the Wodeyar dynasty of Mysore.
Polygar War
180013 MarchDeath of Nana Fadnavis

Modern India

YearDateEvent
180112 AprilMaharaja Ranjit Singh establishes Khalsa rule of Punjab from Lahore. Khalsa army liberates Kashmiri Pandits and invades Afghanistan via the Khyber Pass.
180211 OctoberThe Kingdom of Kottayam defeats the British East India Company in the Battle of Panamarathukotta
180311 SeptemberThe Second Anglo-Maratha War begins.
180524 DecemberThe Second Anglo-Maratha War ends.
180610 JulyVellore Mutiny, the first instance of a large-scale and violent mutiny by Indian sepoys against the East India Company.
180710 FebruaryHari Singh Nalwa, commander of the Sikh Khalsa Army of the Sikh Empire defeats the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Kasur, the first in a series of battles.
180925 AprilThe East India Company signs the first Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh.
181128 OctoberThe death of Yashwantrao Holkar.
181313 JulyDewan Mokham Chand and Hari Singh Nalwa, commanders of the Sikh Khalsa Army of the Sikh Empire defeat the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Attock and capture Attock
181415 January"Atmiya Sabha" is established by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
181720 JanuaryEstablishment of Hindu College (Presidency College, now Presidency University, Kolkata)
13 JuneThe Third Anglo-Maratha War begins.
1818March – 2 JuneSikh Empire defeats the Durrani Empire and captures Multan after the Siege of Multan (1818).
18193 JulySikh Empire defeats the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Shopian and captures Srinagar and Kashmir. Islamic rule ends in Jammu and Kashmir.
9 AprilThe Third Anglo-Maratha War ends with the capture of Asirgarh Fort and the end of the Maratha Confederacy, leaving the East India Company with control of almost the whole of India.
182026 SeptemberIshwar Chandra Vidyasagar is born (to 1891).
182314 MarchSikh Empire defeats the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Nawab of Amb to annex Peshawar Valley, in the Battle of Nowshera
182412 FebruaryDayananda Saraswati is born[43] (to 1883)
5 MarchFirst Anglo-Burmese War (to 1826)
1825December 1825 – January 1826Battle between East India Company and Bharatpur State
18264 JanuaryBritish rule in Burma (to 1947)
182711 AprilJyotirao Phule is born[44] (to 1890)
182819 NovemberRani of Jhansi was born[45] (to 1858)
1831Kol uprising[46]
6 MaySikh Empire defeats the Mujahideen forces of Syed Ahmad Barelvi in the Battle of Balakot
18346 MaySikh Empire defeats the forces of Afghan Durrani Empire in the Capture of Peshawar (1834). Peshawar becomes part of the Sikh Empire.
183618 FebruaryRamakrishna is born[47] (to 1886)
183718 FebruaryHari Singh Nalwa, commander of the Sikh Khalsa Army defeats the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Jamrud and extends the frontier of Sikh Empire to beyond the Indus River right up to the mouth of the Khyber Pass.
184511 DecemberFirst Anglo-Sikh war[48] (to 1846)
4 NovemberVasudev Balwant Phadke is born (to 1883)
184822 NovemberThe Sikh Empire under Sher Singh Attariwalla defeats the British East India Company under Sir Hugh Gough in the Battle of Ramnagar
184913 JanuaryThe Sikh Empire under Sher Singh Attariwalla defeats the British East India Company under Sir Hugh Gough in the Battle of Chillianwala
18531 AprilThe Post Service started.
185316 AprilThe first railway is established between Bombay and Thane.
185531 MayRani Rashmoni complete the Dakshineswar Kali Temple with the installation of Ma Kali.[49]
30 JuneSanthal rebellion
185625 JulyHindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856
23 JulyBal Gangadhar Tilak is born (to 1920)
20 AugustNarayana Guru is born (to 1928)
185710 MayBritish victory in Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was deposed by British East India Company and India transferred to British Crown. Marks the End of Mughal Dynasty rule over India.

18 July, 24 JanuaryIndia's first three universities, the University of Mumbai, the University of Madras and the University of Calcutta, are established.
18581 NovemberBritish Raj (to 1947) Marks the Beginning Of Direct British Rule Over India For 89 Years(1858–1947).
7 NovemberBipin Chandra Pal is born (to 1932)
185918 AprilDeath of Tatya Tope
18617 MayRabindranath Tagore is born.
1862The high courts of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay are established.[50]
186312 JanuarySwami Vivekanand is born (to 1902)
186528 JanuaryLala Lajpat Rai is born (to 1928)
186731 March"Prarthana Samaj" established earlier known as "Atmiya Sabha", "Tahzeeb-ul-Akhlaq" was started
18692 OctoberMahatma Gandhi is born (to 30 January 1948)
29 NovemberThakkar Bapa is born (to 1951)
187324 SeptemberJyotirao Phule establishes the Satyashodhak Samaj society.
1875May-JuneDeccan Riots
10 April"Arya Samaj" is established.
Aligarh Muslim University
187625 DecemberMuhammad Ali Jinnah was born (1876–1948)
18771 JanuaryThe first Delhi Durbar
188330 OctoberMaharishi Dayanand Saraswati dies
188528 DecemberThe Indian National Congress is established[51]
188914 NovemberJawaharlal Nehru is born (to 1964).
18893 DecemberKhudiram Bose is born (to 1908).
189114 AprilB. R. Ambedkar is born (to 1956).
189131 MarchAnglo-Manipur War.
189511 Mayjiddu krishnamurti is born (to 17 February 1986).
189723 JanuarySubhas Chandra Bose is born (to 1945); the first fingerprint bureau of India is established in Calcutta.
11 JuneRam Prasad Bismil is born
22 JuneChapekar brothers assassinate W.C.Rand.
YearDateEvent
19003 MarchMaghfoor Ahmad Ajazi is born (to 1966).
1902Anushilan Samiti, revolutionary association formed.
190311 DecemberBritish expedition to Tibet
1 JanuaryDelhi Durbar Second Time.
19045 NovemberUniversity Act
1905Bharat Sevak Samaj founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
16 OctoberPartition of Bengal (1905)
1906AprilJugantar formed.[52]
30 DecemberAll-India Muslim League formed in Dacca.
1907Surat Split
1908MayAlipore bomb case
190925 MayIndian Councils Act 1909
1911Cancellation of Partition of Bengal
DecemberDelhi Durbar Third Time
191112 DecemberThe British government moves the capital from Calcutta to Delhi.[53]
1912DecemberDelhi conspiracy case
191315 JulyGadar Party formed.
Rabindranath Tagore won Nobel Prize in Literature
191426 AugustRodda company arms heist, in which members of Bengali revolutionary organisation Anushilan Samiti intercept and make away with a shipment of Mauser Pistols and ammunition. In the following years, these pistols and ammunitions were linked to almost all the instances of nationalist struggles in Bengal.
Hindu–German Conspiracy
1915Ghadar conspiracy
1 DecemberProvisional Government of India formed in Kabul.
Mahatma Gandhi returns to India.
191629 DecemberLucknow Pact.[54]
1917Champaran Satyagraha and Kheda Satyagraha
Justice Party (India) is founded
1918Kheda Satyagraha and Ahmedabad Mill Strike
191913 AprilJallianwala Bagh massacre
Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms
18 MarchRowlatt Act is passed
23 DecemberGovernment of India Act of 1919 introduces a system of diarchy
1920Non-cooperation movement and Khilafat Movement
19225 FebruaryChauri Chaura incident
1924OctoberThe Hindustan Socialist Republican Association is formed.
19259 AugustKakori conspiracy
192527 SeptemberRashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) is founded.
192720 MarchMahad Satyagraha
NovemberSimon Commission
1928Bardoli Satyagraha
1929Central Assembly bombed by Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt.
Purna Swaraj resolution.
1930Salt Satyagraha, the civil disobedience movement, begins with the Dandi march.
The first Round Table Conferences (India)
1931MarchGandhi–Irwin Pact
23 MarchBhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev martyred
September–DecemberThe second Round Table Conferences (India)
193224 SeptemberPoona Pact
16 AugustCommunal Award
November–DecemberThe third Round Table Conferences (India)
1935AugustGovernment of India Act 1935
19371937 Indian provincial elections
1939The All India Forward Bloc established by Subhas Chandra Bose
194023 MarchLahore Resolution
The All-India Jamhur Muslim League established by Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi to support a united India
8 AugustAugust Offer.[55]
1942late MarchCripps Mission
August1. Quit India Movement
2. The Indian National Army is established by Subhas Chandra Bose.
1943Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind, the Provisional Government of Free India is formed by Netaji.
1944Subhas Chandra Bose calls Mahatma Gandhi the Father of the Nation.
194518 AugustSubhas Chandra Bose died a in plane crash at Taiwan.
Wavell Plan, Simla Conference
1946FebruaryRoyal Indian Navy mutiny
MarchCabinet Mission
16 AugustDirect Action Day/Great Calcutta Killings
October–NovemberNoakhali riots
1947JulyIndian Independence Act 1947 by British Raj
14 AugustPartition of India and Pakistan becomes an independent state.[51]
15 AugustIndian independence from the British Raj.
Hundreds of thousands die in widespread communal bloodshed after partition, continuing to 1948.
194830 JanuaryMahatma Gandhi is assassinated by Nathuram Godse.[56]
War with Pakistan over disputed territory of Kashmir.
Telangana and other princely states are integrated into Indian union.
195026 JanuaryIndia became a republic.
1951Reconstruction of the Somnath temple under the orders of the Home Minister of India Vallabhbhai Patel.[57]
1951Congress Party wins first general elections under leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru (to 1952).
1955Nationalisation of the Indian insurance sector.
19561 SeptemberEstablishment of LIC.
14 OctoberB. R. Ambedkar converted to Buddhism along with 600,000 followers.
6 DecemberB. R. Ambedkar died. States Reorganization Act in force from 1 November.
1962War over disputed territory of Kashmir[51] with China.
India seizes Diu, Daman and Goa from Portuguese India.
196427 MayDeath of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
19656–23 SeptemberSecond war with Pakistan over Kashmir.
196611 JanuaryPrime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri's mysterious death in Tashkent.
24 JanuaryNehru's daughter Indira Gandhi becomes prime minister.
196919 JulyNationalisation of 14 major private Banks.
15 AugustIndian Space Research Organisation formed under Department of Space.
19713–16 DecemberThird war with Pakistan, culminating in the creation of Bangladesh
Twenty-year treaty of friendship signed with Soviet Union.
197418 MayThe Smiling Buddha is the first nuclear device in underground test.
197515 MaySikkim becomes part of Indian Union after a referendum in the Sikkim Assembly.
25 JuneIndira Gandhi declares a state of emergency after being found guilty of electoral malpractice. Nearly 1,000 political opponents imprisoned and programme of compulsory birth control introduced. (to 1977)
1977Indira Gandhi's Congress Party loses general elections. Janata Party comes to power. The Communist Party of India (Marxist) comes into power in West Bengal.
1979The Janata Party splits. Chaudhary Charan Singh becomes Prime Minister.
1980Indira Gandhi returns to power heading the Congress party splinter group, Congress (Indira).
1983N. T. Rama Rao NTR's nine-month-old Telugu Desam assumes power in AP becoming a challenger post Loknayak Jayprakash Narayan against Indira Gandhi.
1983India won World Cup for the first time, in one day international Cricket led by Kapil Dev.
1984Troops storm Golden Temple, the Sikhs' most holy shrine, after Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale seeks refuge inside. There are a movement to flush out Sikh separatism and calls for secularism, called Operation Blue Star. "Anti-Sikh Riots 1984".
Indira Gandhi is assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards; her son, Rajiv, takes over.
Many Sikhs were killed due to the assassination of Indira Gandhi. see 1984 anti-Sikh riots.
1987India deploys troops for peacekeeping operation in Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict.
1988SEBI was established by The Government of India on 12 April 1988 and given statutory powers in 1992 with SEBI Act 1992 being passed by the Indian Parliament.
1989Falling public support leads to a Congress defeat in general election.
1989The National Front (India), headed by V. P. Singh and led by Janata Dal, is formed and storms into power with outside support from BJP and CPI(M).
1990Muslim separatist groups begin campaign of violence against Hindus in Kashmir resulting in Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus.
1991Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated by a suicide bomber sympathetic to Sri Lanka's Tamil Tigers.
An economic reform programme or Economic liberalisation in India is begun by Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao.
1992DecemberThe demolition of the Babri Masjid, triggering the Bombay riots.
MayOver 200 people die in Cuttack in Odisha, after drinking illegally brewed liquor in the 1992 Odisha liquor deaths incident.
1995JulyWest Bengal Chief Minister Jyoti Basu made the first call from Kolkata to inaugurate the cellular services in India.
1996Congress suffers its worst electoral defeat ever as BJP emerges as the largest single party.
1996AugustThe Amarnath Yatra tragedy in which at least 194 pilgrims are reported to have frozen to death in northern Kashmir after being stranded by violent rain and snow storms.
1998BJP forms coalition government under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
India and Pakistan carry out nuclear tests, leading to widespread international condemnation.
1999FebruaryVajpayee makes a historic bus trip to Pakistan to meet Premier Nawaz Sharif and to sign bilateral Lahore peace declaration.
MayIndian Army launches operations to evict Pakistani forces occupying Indian positions on the icy heights in Kargil district, known as the Kargil War.
OctoberThe Cyclone devastates eastern state of Odisha, leaving at least 10,000 dead.
2000MarchUS President Bill Clinton makes a groundbreaking visit to improve ties.
MayIndia marks the birth of its billionth citizen.
15 NovemberThe states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were created
YearDateEvent
200126 JanuaryThe 7.7 MwGujarat earthquake shakes Western India with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), leaving 13,805–20,023 dead and about 166,800 injured.
JulyVajpayee meets Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf in the first summit between the two neighbours in more than two years. The meeting ends without a breakthrough or even a joint statement because of differences over Kashmir.
JulyVajpayee's BJP party declines his offer to resign over a number of political scandals and the apparent failure of his talks with Pakistani President Musharraf.
SeptemberUS lifts sanctions which it imposed against India and Pakistan after they staged nuclear tests in 1998. The move is seen as a reward for their support for the US-led anti-terror campaign.
OctoberIndia and Pakistan fire at each other's military posts in the heaviest firing along the dividing line of control in Kashmir for almost a year.[58]
OctoberPakistani forces shelled the village of Arnia about three km (two miles) from the border in the early hours of Monday 6 June, killing five and wounding at least two dozen civilians.[58]
DecemberSuicide squad attacks parliament in New Delhi, killing several police. The five gunmen die in the assault.
DecemberIndia imposes sanctions against Pakistan, to force it to take action against two Kashmir militant groups blamed for the suicide attack on parliament. Pakistan retaliates with similar sanctions, and bans the groups in January.
DecemberIndia, Pakistan mass troops on common border amid mounting fears of a looming war.
2002War of words between Indian and Pakistani leaders intensifies. Actual war seems imminent.
JanuaryIndia successfully test-fires a nuclear-capable ballistic missile – the Agni – off its eastern coast.
FebruaryInter-religious bloodshed breaks out after 59 Hindu pilgrims returning from Ayodhya are killed in a train fire in Godhra, Gujarat. More than 1,000 people, die in subsequent riots. (Police and officials blamed the fire on a Muslim mob; a 2005 government investigation said it was an accident, though later court and SIT report held Muslim mob responsible.)
MayPakistan test-fires three medium-range surface-to-surface Ghauri missiles, which are capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
JuneUK, US urge their citizens to leave India and Pakistan, while maintaining diplomatic offensive to avert war.
JulyRetired scientist and architect of India's missile programme A. P. J. Abdul Kalam is elected president.
2003AugustAt least 50 people are killed in two simultaneous bomb blasts in Bombay.
NovemberIndia matches Pakistan's declaration of a Kashmir ceasefire.
DecemberIndia, Pakistan agree to resume direct air links and to allow overflights.
2004JanuaryGroundbreaking meeting is held between government and moderate Kashmir separatists.
MaySurprise victory for Congress Party in general elections. Manmohan Singh is sworn in as prime minister.
SeptemberIndia, along with Brazil, Germany and Japan, launches an application for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council.
NovemberIndia begins to withdraw some of its troops from Kashmir.
DecemberThousands are killed when tsunami, caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake off the Indonesian coast, devastate coastal communities in the south and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
2005JulyMore than 1,000 people are killed in floods and landslides caused by monsoon rains in Mumbai (Bombay) and Maharashtra region.
8 OctoberThe 7.6 MwKashmir earthquake strikes with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), leaving 86,000–87,351 people dead, 69,000–75,266 injured, and 2.8 million homeless.
2006FebruaryIndia's largest-ever rural jobs scheme is launched, aimed at lifting around 60 million families out of poverty.
MarchUS and India sign a nuclear agreement during a visit by US President George W. Bush. The US gives India access to civilian nuclear technology while India agrees to greater scrutiny for its nuclear programme.
2007FebruaryIndia and Pakistan sign an agreement aimed at reducing the risk of accidental nuclear war.
18 February68 passengers, most of them Pakistanis, are killed by bomb blasts and a blaze on a train travelling from New Delhi to the Pakistani city of Lahore.
MarchMaoist rebels in Chhattisgarh state kill more than 50 policemen in a dawn attack.
AprilIndia's first commercial space rocket is launched, carrying an Indian satellite.
MayGovernment announces its strongest economic growth figures for 20 years – 9.4% in the year to March.
MayAt least nine people are killed in a bomb explosion at the main mosque in Hyderabad. Several others are killed in subsequent rioting.
JulyIndia says the number of its people with HIV or AIDS is about half of earlier official tallies. Health ministry figures put the total at between 2 million and 3.1 million cases, compared with previous estimates of more than 5 million.
25 JulyPratibha Patil becomes first woman to be elected president of India
2008JulySeries of explosions kills 49 in Ahmedabad, in Gujarat state. The little-known terrorist group Indian Mujahideen claims responsibility.
OctoberFollowing approval by the US Congress, President George W. Bush signs into law a nuclear deal with India, which ends a three-decade ban on US nuclear trade with Delhi.
22 OctoberIndia successfully launches its first mission to the moon, the uncrewed lunar probe Chandrayaan-1.[59]
26–29 NovemberThe 2008 Mumbai attacks (often called the 26/11 attacks) kill 174 people, including 9 of the 10 terrorists from Lashkar-e-Taiba, an Islamic terrorist organisation based in Pakistan. India decides not to attack Pakistan in retaliation.
DecemberIndia announces "pause" in peace process with Pakistan. Indian cricket team cancels planned tour of Pakistan.
2009FebruaryIndia and Russia sign deals worth $700 million, according to which Moscow will supply Uranium to Delhi.
MayResounding general election victory gives governing Congress-led alliance of PM Manmohan Singh an enhanced position in parliament, only 11 seats short of an absolute majority.
JulyDelhi court decriminalizes gay sex
201013 February 16 people are killed in a bomb explosion at German Bakery in the city of Pune, Maharashtra.[60]
20112 April India wins cricket world cup after 28 years under the captaincy of MS Dhoni.
13 May After 34 years of Left Front Government, Trinamool Congress and Congress alliance come to power in West Bengal.
201225 July Pranab Mukherjee, the former Finance Minister is elected as the 13th president of India.
201312 FebruaryIndian helicopter bribery scandal comes to light.
21 FebruaryTerror attacks in Hyderabad in Dilsukhnagar area.
5 NovemberMars Orbiter Mission, is successfully launched into Mars orbit by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).[61][62][63]
201416 MayNarendra Modi elected as prime minister of India, Congress was routed in the general elections.
2 JuneTelangana, The state of Telangana was officially formed on 2 June 2014.
20162–5 JanuaryTerror Attacks on Pathankot Air Base.[64]
27 JuneIndia becomes a member of Missile Technology Control Regime.
23 SeptemberIndia signs a billion-dollar defence deal with France to buy 36 Rafale fighter jets.
27 SeptemberIndia launches its first space laboratory, AstroSat, in its biggest project since its Mars orbiter mission in 2014.
8 NovemberIn a surprise announcement, the government withdraws high denomination notes from circulation causing chaotic scenes at banks across the country as customers try to exchange old notes.
201730 JuneThe Goods and Services Tax (GST) launched, the biggest tax reform in history of India.
201914 FebruaryA convoy of vehicles carrying Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) personnel on the Jammu–Srinagar National Highway was attacked by a vehicle-borne suicide bomber in the Pulwama district, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
26 FebruaryThe 2019 Balakot airstrike was conducted by India, when Indian warplanes crossed the de facto border in the disputed region of Kashmir, and dropped bombs in the vicinity of the town of Balakot in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan.
27 FebruaryThe 2019 Balakot strike from Indian side was given a reply named "Swift Retort". After a dog fight between Pakistani and Indian Fighter Pilots. Indian Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman was captured by the Pakistani side. However acting to the pressure of various global leaders and bound by the Vienna Convention. Pakistan was Forced to release the Indian Pilot with all due respect.
22 MayNarendra Modi gets re-elected as the Prime Minister of India.
5 AugustThe state of Jammu and Kashmir divided into two separate union territories known as Jammu Kashmir and Ladakh by scrapping of Article 370 of the Constitution of India.
11 DecemberThe Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 was passed by the Parliament of India on 11 December 2019. It amended the Citizenship Act of 1955 by providing a path to Indian citizenship for members of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhiist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian religious minorities, who had fled persecution from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan before December 2014.
202030 JanuaryThe first COVID-19 case of the country was reported in Kerala's Thrissur district.
202112 MayCOVID-19 pandemic in India: The country's death toll exceeds 250,000. Delhi cremation grounds were running out of places while hundreds of bodies were reported washed up on the banks of the Ganges.
202218 JulyDroupadi Murmu is elected as President of India, making her the first tribal woman and youngest person to the office.
30 OctoberThe collapse of a suspension bridge in Gujarat, leaves at least 135 dead.
20232 JuneA train collision in Odisha results in at least 296 deaths and more than 1,200 others injured.
3 JulyIndian oil refiners start payments for Russian oil imports in Chinese yuan as an alternative to the US dollar due to increasing sanctions against Russia.
23 AugustChandrayaan-3 becomes the first spacecraft to land near the south pole of the Moon, carrying a lunar lander named Vikram and a lunar rover named Pragyan.
2 SeptemberThe Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launches Aditya-L1, India's first solar observation mission.
19 NovemberAustralia defeats India and wins the 2023 Cricket World Cup.
202429 JuneIndia defeats South Africa and wins the 2024 ICC T20 World Cup.

India's Second T20I World Cup Trophy.

See also

References

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Bibliography

  • Wright, Rita P. (2009), The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-57219-4
  • BBC India Timeline
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