Lista de gobernantes de Damasco
Esta es una lista de gobernantes de Damasco desde la antigüedad hasta el presente.
- Contexto general: Historia de Damasco .
- Rezón I (c. 950 a. C.)
- Tabrimón
- Ben-Hadad I (c. 885 a. C.–c. 865 a. C.)
- Hadad-ezer (c. 865 a. C. – c. 842 a. C.)
- Hazael (c. 842 a. C.–c. 804 a. C.)
- Ben-Hadad III (c. 796 a. C.)
- Tab-El (hacia el año 770 a. C.)
- Rezón II (c. 740 a. C.–732 a. C.)
Periodo de no independencia
- Asiria (732 a. C. –609 a. C.)
- Ilu-Ittia (siglo VIII a. C.)
- A Babilonia (609 a. C.–539 a. C.)
- al Imperio persa aqueménida (539 a. C.–332 a. C.)
- A Macedonia (332 a. C.–323 a. C.)
- a Antigónidas (323 a. C.–301 a. C.)
- al Reino Ptolemaico (301 a. C.–198 a. C.)
- a los seléucidas (198 a. C.–167 a. C.)
- a Iturea (167 a. C.–110 a. C.) (semiindependiente de los seléucidas)
- a la Decápolis (110 a. C.–85 a. C.) (Semi independiente de los seléucidas)
- a Nabatea (85 a. C.–64 a. C.)
- a la República romana / Imperio romano / Imperio bizantino (64 a. C.–635)
- a los Gasánidas (529–584; ?–635)
Rashidúnperíodo
- Jalid ibn al-Walid (635–636)
- Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah (636–637)
- Amr ibn al-Aas (637–640)
- Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan (640)
- Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (640–661)
Omeyaperíodo
- Muawiyah I ibn Abu Sufyan (661–680)
- Yazid I ibn Muawiyah (680–683)
- Muawiya II ibn Yazid (683–684)
- Marwan I ibn Hakam (684–685)
- Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685–705)
- al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik (705–715)
- Solimán ibn Abd al-Malik (715–717)
- Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (717–720)
- Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik (720–724)
- Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (724–743)
- al-Walid II ibn Yazid II (743–744)
- Yazid III ibn al-Walid (744)
- Ibrahim ibn al-Walid (744)
- Marwan II ibn Muhammad (gobernó desde Harran en la Jazira , 744-750)
Abasíperíodo
[1]
- Abdullah ibn Ali (750–754)
- Salih ibn Ali (754)
- Abd al-Wahhab ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Abbasi (754–764)
- Al-Fadl ibn Salih (766–775)
- Abu Ja'far Harun ibn al-Mahdi (783–786)
- Ibrahim ibn as-Salih ibn Ali (c. 785)
- Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Imam (? –788)
- Ibrahim ibn as-Salih ibn Ali (c. 788–791)
- Musa ibn Isa (c. 792)
- Musa ibn Yahya al-Barmaki (c. 792)
- Abd al-Malik ibn Salih (793–795)
- Ishaq ibn Isa ibn Ali (c. 795–?)
- Shu'ayb ibn Khazim (802–803)
- Jafar ibn Yahya (803)
- Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad (803–804)
- Sulayman ibn al-Mansur (804–805)
- Yahya ibn Mu'adh ibn Muslim (c. 806)
- Ali ibn al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba (807–809)
- Mansur ibn Muhammad al-Mahdi (809–810)
- Ahmad ibn Sa'id al-Harashi (810)
- Sulayman ibn al-Mansur (810)
- Muhammad ibn Salih ibn Bayhas (813–823 o 824/825)
- Ma'yuf ibn Yahya ibn Ma'yuf al-Hamdani o Sadaqa ibn Uthman al-Murri (nombrado por el virrey Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani ) (825–?)
- Abu Ishaq Muhammad ibn Harun al-Rashid (c. 828)
- Dinar ibn Abd Allah (c. 839)
- Muhammed ibn al-Jahm al-Sami (c. 839)
- Musa ibn Ibrahim al Rafiqi (c. 842)
- Rija ibn Ayyub al-Hadari (841–847)
- Malik ibn Tawk (847–850)
- Ibrahim al-Mu'ayyad ibn al-Mutawakkil (850–855)
- al-Fath ibn Hakan al-Turki (856–861)
- Yunus ibn Tarja (c. 861)
- Isa ibn Muhammad al-Nawshari (861–866)
- Salih ibn al-Abbasi al-Turki (c. 866)
- Ahmad ibn Khalil al Shaybani (c. 866)
- Yamkjur al-Turki (c. 869)
- Asram al-Turki (c. 870)
- Isa ibn al-Shaykh al-Shaybani , gobernador rebelde (c. 870)
- Amajur al-Turki (870–878)
- Al Egipto tuluní (877–904)
- Ali ibn Amajur al-Turki (878)
- Ahmad ibn Wasif
- Tughj ibn Juff (896–905)
- Restauración abasí:
- Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh (905–906)
- Al-Rashidi (928–931)
- Muhammad ibn Tughj (931–935)
- al Egipto Ikhshidid (935–969), excepto:
- Muhammad Ibn Ra'iq (939–942)
- Muhammad ibn Yazdad al-Shahrzuri (943–945)
- Sayf al-Dawla (brevemente en 945 y 947)
Fatimíemires
- Abu Ali Ja'far ibn Fallah al-Kutami (970–971)
- Ocupación cármata de Damasco
- Zalim ibn Mauhab al-Ukayli (973–974)
- Jaysh ibn Muhammad (974)
- Rayn al-Mu'izzi (974)
- Alptakin al-Mu'izzi (975–978)
- Qassam al-Turab (978–983)
- Recuperación fatimí de Damasco
- Baltakin al-Turki (983)
- Bakjur (983–991)
- Ya'qub al-Siqlabi (991)
- Manjutakin (993–996)
- Sulayman ibn Fallah (996)
- Bishara al-Ikhshidi (997–998)
- Jaysh ibn Muhammad (998-1000)
- Sulayman ibn Fallah (1000-1002)
- Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Jafar (1002-1004)
- Abu Salih Muflih al-Lihyani (1004-1009)
- Hamid ibn Mulham (1009)
- Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1010-1011)
- Badr al-Attar (1011-1012)
- Abu Abdallah al-Muzahhir (1012-1014)
- Abd ar-Rahman ibn Ilyas (1015-1021)
- Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1021-1023)
- Shihab ad-Dawlah Shah Tegin (1023-1024)
- Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1024-1028)
- Anushtakin ad-Dizbari (1028-1041)
- Nasir ad-Dawlah al-Hamdani (1041-1048)
- Baha ad-Dawlah Takiq al-Saklabi (1048-1049)
- Rifq al-Khadim (1049)
- Mu'in ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Adud ad-Dawlah (1049-1058)
- Makin ad-Dawlah Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn 'Ali (1058)
- Nasir ad-Dawlah al-Hamdani (1058-1060)
- Sebuq Tegin (1060)
- Muwaffaq ad-Dawlah Jauhar al-Mustansiri (1060-1061)
- Hasam ad-Dawlah ibn al-Bachinaki (1061)
- Uddat ad-Dawlah ibn al-Husein (1061)
- Mu'in ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Adud ad-Dawla (1061-1063)
- Badr al-Jamali (1063)
- Hisn ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Mansur (1063-1067)
- Qutb ad-Din Baris Tegin (1068-1069)
- Hisn ad-Dawlah Mualla al-Kitami (1069-1071)
- Zain ad-Dawlah Intisar ibn Yahya al-Masmudi (1075-1076)
Selyúcidaemires
- Atsiz ibn Abaq (1076-1079)
- Tutush I (1079–1095)
- Duqaq , hijo de Tutush I (1095-1104)
- Tutush II , hijo de Duqaq (1104)
- Irtash , hijo de Tutush I (1104)
Buridoemires
- Toghtekin (1104-1128)
- Taj al-Muluk Buri (1128-1132)
- Shams al-Mulk Ismail (1132-1135)
- Shihab ad-Din Mahmud (1135-1139)
- Jamal ad-Din Muhammad (1139-1140)
- Mu'in ad-Din Unur (regente, 1140-1149)
- Mujir ad-Din Abaq (1140-1154)
- Nur ad-Din Mahmud (1154-1174)
- As-Salih Ismail al-Malik (1174)
- Saladino (1174-1186)
- Al-Afdal (1186-1196), hijo de Saladino
- Al-Adil I (1196-1218)
- Al-Mu'azzam (1218-1227)
- An-Nasir Dawud (1227-1229)
- Al-Ashraf (1229-1237)
- As-Salih Ismail (1237)
- Al-Kamil (1237-1238)
- Al-Adil II (1238-1239)
- As-Salih Ayyub (1239)
- As-Salih Ismail (1239-1245)
- As-Salih Ayyub (1245-1249)
- Al-Muazzam Turanshah (1249-1250)
- An-Nasir Yusuf (1250-1260)
MamelucoNaibs
- Sanjar as-Salihi (agosto/septiembre de 1260-octubre de 1260) [2]
- Taybars al-Waziri (octubre de 1260-1264) [2]
- Aqqush as-Salihi (1264–) [2]
- Sunqur al-Ashqar (1279-1280)
- Lajin al-Ashqar (1280–?)
- Aqush Bey (hacia 1290)
- Izz ad-Din Aybak (?–1296)
- Shuja ad-Din Adirlu (1296-1297)
- Sayf ad-Din Kipchak (1297-1299)
- Aqqush al-Afram (1299-1309)
- Sayf ad-Din Tanqiz an-Nasiri (1312-1340)
- Yilbugha an-Nasiri (1340-1350)
- Sayf ad-Din Manjak (1350)
- Tash Timur (hacia 1380)
- Yilbugha al-Nasiri (?–1393)
- Sayf ad-Din Tanibak (1393-1399)
- Sudún (1399-1400)
- ocupada por Tamerlán (1400-1401)
- Taghribirdi az-Zahiri (1401–?)
- Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq (1418-1420)
- Kijmas (hacia 1470)
- Árabe Ghazali (siglo XVI aproximadamente)
- Sibai (siglo XVI aproximadamente) [3]
- Shihab ad-Din Ahmad (1516-1517)
- Janbirdi al-Ghazali (1518-1521)
otomanoWalis
- Yunus Pasha (hacia 1516)
- Janbirdi al-Ghazali (1518-1521)
- Ayás Mehmed Pasha (1521-1522)
- Ferhad Pasha (1522-1523)
- Hurram Pasha (1523-1525)
- Sulayman Pasha al-Tawashi (1525-1526)
- Lutf Pasha (1526-1528)
- Isa Bey Pasha Chenderli (1528-1531)
- Mustafa Ablaq Pasha (1531-1534)
- Lutf Pasha (1534-1535)
- Isa Bey Pasha Chenderli (1535)
- Muhammad Kuzal Pasha (1536-1537)
- Topal Sulayman Pasha (1537-1538)
- Ahmed Pasha I (1538-1539)
- Qese Husrau Pasha (1539-1541)
- Isa Pasha (1541-1543)
- Piri Pasha (1543-1545)
- Sinan Pasha al-Tuwashi (1545-1548) [4]
- Piri Pasha (1550-1551)
- Muhammad Pasha Bartaki (1551-1552)
- Semsi Pasha (1552-1555)
- Hizr Pasha (1555-1561)
- Ali Pasha Lankun (1561-1563)
- Khusrau Pasha I (1563)
- Lala Mustafa Pasha (1563-1569)
- Murad Pasha Shaitan (1569)
- Ali Pasha Lankun (1569-1570)
- Haji Ahmed Pasha (1570-1571)
- Pasha Darwish (1571-1574)
- Lala Jafar Pachá (1574-1575)
- Murad Pasha (1575-1577)
- Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha (1577-1581)
- Bahram Pasha (1581-1582)
- Hüseyin Pasha Boljanić (1582-1583)
- Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha (1583)
- Qubad Sulayman Pasha (1584)
- Üveys Pasha (1584-1585)
- Elvendoglu Ali Pasha (octubre de 1585-1586)
- Üveys Pasha (1586-1587)
- Muhammad Pasha Farhad (1587-1588)
- Üveys Pasha (1588-1589)
- Elwanzade Ali Pasha (1589-1590)
- Koca Sinan Pasha (1590)
- Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha (1590-1591)
- Mustafá Pasha I (1591-1592)
- Jalil Pasha (1592-1593)
- Qachirji Mohammad Pasha (1593-1594)
- Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha (1594)
- Kuyucu Murad Pachá (1594-1595)
- Khusrau Pasha II (1595-1596)
- Razia Hutunzade Mustafa Pasha (1596-1597)
- Yusuf Sinan Pasha (1597-1598)
- Ahmed Pasha II (1598)
- Ahmed Pasha III (1598)
- Khusrau Pasha II (1599)
- Emir Mehmed Pasha (1599-1600)
- Osman Pasha (1601-1603)
- Farhad Pachá Bustanji (1603-1604)
- Mustafa Pasha II (1604-1607)
- Mahmud Pasha (1607-1608)
- Sufí Sinan Pasha (1608-1609)
- Ahmad al-Hafiz (1609-1615)
- Silihdar Mehmed Pasha (1615-1618)
- Ahmad al-Hafiz (1618-1619)
- Mustafa Pasha III (1619-1620)
- Sulayman Pasha I (1620-1621)
- Murtaza Pachá Bustanji (1621-1622)
- Mehmed Pasha Rushand (1622-1623)
- Mustafa Pasha al-Hannaq (1623-1624)
- Nigdeli Mustafa Pasha (1624-1625)
- Gurju Mehmed Pasha I (1625-1626)
- Tayar Oglu Mehmed Pasha (1626-1628)
- Küçük Ahmed Pasha (1628-1629)
- Mustafa Pasha IV (1629-1630)
- Nawaya Mehmed Pasha (1630-1631)
- Ilyas Pasha (1632-1633)
- Deli Yusuf Pasha (1633-1635)
- Küçük Ahmed Pasha (1635-1636)
- Derviche Mehmed Pasha (1636-1638)
- Mustafa Pasha IV (1638-1639)
- Chifteli Othman Pasha (1639-1640)
- Mehmed Pasha I (1640-1641)
- Serji Ahmed Pasha (1641-1642)
- Melik Ahmed Pasha (1642-1643)
- Sultanía Mehmed Pasha (1643)
- Silihdar Yusuf Pasha (1643-1644)
- Gurju Mehmed Pasha II (1644-1645)
- Ibrahim Pasha I (1645)
- Mehmed Pasha Salami (1645-1646)
- Gurcé Mehmed (1646)
- Silahdar Yusuf Pasha (1646-1647)
- Sufí Murteza Pasha (1647)
- Sufganistán Mehmed Pasha (1648)
- Ibşir Mustafa Pasha (1649)
- Mehmed Pasha II (1649-1650)
- Silahdar Murtaza Pasha (1650)
- Mustafa Pasha, Sivasli (1650)
- Haseki Mehmed Pasha (1650-1652)
- Defterzade Mehmed Pasha (1653-1655)
- Kara Murat Pasha (1655; murió antes de asumir el cargo)
- Haseki Mehmed Pasha (1656)
- Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (1659-1661)
- Sulayman Pasha II (1661-1663)
- Ribeli Mustafa Pasha (1663-1665)
- Salih Pasha I (1665-1666)
- Qara Mustafa Pasha (1666-1667)
- Mehmed Pasha Chewish Oglu (1667-1669)
- Ibrahim Pasha Shaytán (1669-1671)
- Abazekh Husein Pasha (1671-1672)
- Qara Mehmed Pasha (1672-1673)
- Ibrahim Pasha Shushman (1673-1674)
- Qer Husein Pasha (1674-1675)
- Ibrahim Pachá II (1675-1676)
- Osman Pasha bosnio (1676-1679)
- Abazekh Husein Pasha (1679-1683)
- Ibrahim Pasha III (1684)
- Osman Pasha bosnio (1684-1685)
- Kaplan Pasha (1686-1687)
- Arap Salih Pasha (1687-1688)
- Hamza Pasha (1688-1689)
- Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha (1690)
- Murtaza Pasha (1690-1691)
- Gurju Mehmed Pasha III (1691-1692)
- Çelebi Ismail Pasha (1692-1693)
- Ibshir Mustafa Pasha (1693-1694)
- Silihdar Osman Pasha (1695-1696)
- Silihdar Buuqli Mustafa Pasha (1696-1697)
- Ahmad Pasha Hacigirai (1697-1698)
- Silihdar Husein Pasha (1699)
- Silihdar Hasan Pasha (1700)
- Arslan Mehmed Pasha Matracyoghlu (1701)
- Salih Aga (1702)
- Mehmed Pasha Kurd-Bayram (1702-1703)
- Osman Pasha Arnavud (1703)
- Arslan Mehmed Pasha Matracyoghlu (1703-1704)
- Defterdar Mustafa Pasha (1704)
- Firari Hüseyin Pasha (1704-1705)
- Mehmed Pasha Kurd-Bayram (1705-1706)
- Baltacı Süleyman Pasha (1706-1707)
- Yusuf Pasha Qapudan (1707-1708)
- Nasuh Pasha al-Aydini (1708-1714) [5]
- Topal Yusuf Pasha (1714-1716) [5]
- Kapudan Ibrahim Pasha (1716-1717) [5]
- Köprülü Abdullah Pasha (1717-1718) [5]
- Recep Pasha (1718-1719) [5]
- Çerkes Osman Pasha Abu Tawq (1719-1721) [5]
- Ali Pasha Maqtuloğlu (1721-1723)
- Çerkes Osman Pasha Abu Tawq (1723-1725)
- Ismail Pasha al-Azm (1725-noviembre/diciembre de 1730)
- Muhsinzâde Abdullah Pasha (noviembre/diciembre de 1730 – diciembre de 1730)
- Ayndınlı Abdullah Pasha (diciembre de 1730-1734) [5]
- Sulayman Pasha al-Azm (1734-1738) [5]
- Hüseyin Pasha Bostancı (1738-1739) [5]
- Muhassıl Osman Pasha (1739-1740) [5]
- Abdî Pashazâde Ali Pasha (1740-1741) [5]
- Sulayman Pasha al-Azm (1741-1743) [5]
- As'ad Pasha al-Azm (1743-1757) [5]
- Husayn Pasha ibn Makki (1757-1758) [5]
- Çeteci Abdullah Pasha (1758-1759) [5]
- Muhammad Pasha al-Shalik (1759-1760)
- Uthman Pasha al-Kurji (1760-1771)
- Muhammad Pasha al-Azm (1771-1772)
- Hafiz Mustafa Pasha Bustanji (1773-1783)
- Mehmed Pasha al-Kurji (1783)
- Darwish Pasha al-Kurji (1783-1784)
- Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (1784-1786)
- Husayn Pasha Battal (1786-1787)
- Abdi Pasha (1787-1788)
- Ibrahim Pasha al-Dalati (1788-1789)
- Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (1790-1795)
- Abdullah Pasha al-Azm (1795-1798)
- Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (1798-1799)
- Abdullah Pasha al-Azm (1799–1803)
- Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (1803-1804)
- Abdullah Pasha al-Azm (1804–1807)
- Kunj Yusuf Pasha (1807–1810)
- Sulayman Pasha al-Adil (1810-1812) [6]
- Silahdar Süleyman Pasha (febrero de 1812-mayo de 1816) [7]
- Sulayman Pasha al-Adil (1816; interino)
- Hafiz Amasyali Ali Pasha (1816-marzo de 1817)
- Salih Pasha (marzo de 1817-1817)
- Esmirli Solimán Pasha (1817-1819)
- Derviche Mehmed Pasha (1819-1822)
- Beylanli Mustafa Pasha (junio de 1822–abril de 1823)
- Salih Pasha (abril de 1823-enero de 1824)
- Muftizade Ahmed Pasha (1824–mayo de 1824)
- Haci Veliyeddin Pasha (1825-1826)
- Hakki Ismail Pasha (octubre de 1826-1827)
- Esmirli Haci Salih Pasha (1827–1828)
- Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1828-1831)
- Mehmed Selim Pachá (1831-1832)
- a Egipto, autónomo del Imperio Otomano
- Ahmed Bey (1831-1832)
- Ibrahim Pasha (1832)
- Muhammad Sharif Pasha al-Kabir (1832-1838)
- vacante (1838–1840)
- Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1840-1841)
- Mehmed Reshid Pasha (1841-1844)
- Mehmed Namik Pasha (1845-1846)
- Riza Pasha (1845-1846)
- Musa Sefveti Pasha (1846)
- Namiq Pasha (1848)
- Mehmed Namik Pasha (1848-1850)
- Osman Pasha Said Pasha (1850-1852)
- Mehmed Pasha Izzet (1852)
- Açaf Pasha (1852-1854)
- Arif Mehmed Pasha (1854-1855)
- Mehmed Namik Pasha (1855)
- Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1855-1857)
- Izzet Ahmed Pasha (1857)
- Alí Pasha II (1858)
- Muamer Pasha (1860)
- Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1860–1861)
- Ahmed Pasha IV (1861)
- Emin Muhlis Pasha (1861-1862)
- Mehmed Reshid Pasha (1862–1864)
- Müterçim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (1864-1865)
- Pasha Reshid (1865-1871)
- Subhi Pasha (1871-1873)
- Sherif Mehmed Reuf Pasha (1873-1874)
- Esad Pasha (1874-1875)
- Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1875–1876)
- Ahmed Pasha V (1876-1877)
- Küçük Ömer Fevzi Pasha (1877–1878)
- Midhat Pasha (13 de noviembre de 1878–1 de agosto de 1880) [8]
- Hamdi Pasha (1880-1885)
- Rashid Nashid Pasha (1885–1888)
- Manastirli Mehmed Nazif Pasha (1888-1889)
- Mustafa Asim Pasha (1889-1891)
- Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (1891–1892)
- Sherif Mehmed Rauf Pasha (1892-1894)
- Haçi Osman Nuri Pasha (1894–1895)
- Hasan Pasha II (1896-1897)
- Hüseyin Nâzım Pasha (1897-1906)
- Shukri Pasha (1906-1909)
- Ismail Fazil Bey (1909-1911)
- Ismail Ghalib Bey (1911-1912)
- Kiazim Pasha (1912-1913)
- Arif Bey (1913)
- Mehmed Arif Bey Mardin (1914)
- Jamal Pasha (1915)
- Azmi Pasha (1915-1916)
- Bey Tahsin (1916-1918)
- Mehmed Gabriel Pasha (1918)
- Shukri Pasha (1 y 2 de octubre de 1918)
Reino Árabe de Siria
- Faisal (1918-1920)
Capital de Siria
- Siria francesa (1920-1946)
- República de Siria (1946-1958)
- República Árabe Unida (1958-1961)
- República Árabe Siria (1961-actualidad)
Véase también
Referencias
- ^ Paul M. Cobb (22 de marzo de 2001). Banderas blancas: Contención en la Siria abasí, 750-880. p. 137. ISBN 9780791448809.
- ^ abc Sato, pág. 79.
- ^ Burns 2007, pág. 144
- ^ Abu-Husayn 1985, págs. 187-188.
- ^ abcdefghijklmno Barbir 1980, pag. xv.
- ^ Sajdi, 2013, pág. 98.
- ^ Douwes, 2000, pág. 58.
- ^ Saliba 1978, págs. 307, 315–316.
Bibliografía
- Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (1985). Liderazgo provincial en Siria, 1575-1650. Beirut: Universidad Americana de Beirut. ISBN 978-0-8156-6072-9.OCLC 242675094 .
- Barbir, Karl K. (1980). El gobierno otomano en Damasco, 1708-1758. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400853205.
- Burns, Ross (2007), Damasco: una historia , Routledge, ISBN 9781134488490
- Saliba, Najib E. (1978). "Los logros de Midhat Pasha como gobernador de la provincia de Siria, 1878-1880". Revista internacional de estudios de Oriente Medio . 9 (3): 307-323. JSTOR 162767.
